Káva - Coffee

Složení kávy

Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine)

• Popular mild central nervous system stimulant
• Leaves, seeds and fruits of various plants and in foodstuffs
• Coffee
• Tea
• Chocolate aj. [1]

Chlorogenic acid

• Mitigating oxidative stress
• Anti-inflammatory activities by modulating a number of important metabolic pathways

Ochratoxin A (OCHA)

• A mycotoxin, which can be found in food such as
• Coffee, wine, cereals, meat, nuts [4]
• Grain-based products, confectionery, meat products and fruit juice [5]
• Tea, bear
• Nephrotoxic and renal carcinogenic [5]

Pesticide residues in coffee beans

• Endosulfan ?
• Endosulfan ß
• Cypermethrin
• Permethrin
• Deltamethrin
• Chlorpyrifos ethyl
• Heptachlor epoxide
• Hexachlorobenzene
• P'p-DDE
• P'p-DDD
• O'p-DDT
• P'p-DDT [4]

Washing of coffee beans

• Showed 14.63-57.69 percent reduction [4]

Roasting process

• Reduced up to 99.8 percent
• Chlorpyrifos ethyl, permethrin, cypermethrin, endosulfan ? and ß in roasting
• All of the 12 pesticides in the coffee brewing processes were not detected [4]

Acrylamide

Pozitiva

Chlorogenic acid

• Glutamate-induced neuronal cell death was inhibited by treatment with CGA
• CGA prevented the increase in intracellular concentrations of Ca(2+) caused by the addition of glutamate to cultured neurons.
• On the other hand, there was little effect of CGA on
• Cell death induced by nitric oxide, which is downstream of the ischemic neuronal cell death [3]

Mortalita

Association of Coffee Consumption With Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality in a Large US Prospective Cohort Study.

• Lower hazard ratios for overall mortality
• <1 cup/day:
• Hazard ratio (HR) = 0.99 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.92, 1.07)
• 1 cup/day:
• HR = 0.94 (95% CI: 0.87, 1.02)
• 2-3 cups/day:
• HR = 0.82 (95% CI: 0.77, 0.88)
• 4-5 cups/day:
• HR = 0.79 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.86)
• ?6 cups/day:
• HR = 0.84 (95% CI: 0.75, 0.95))
• Similar findings were observed for decaffeinated coffee and coffee additives
• Inverse associations were observed for deaths from
• Heart disease
• Chronic respiratory diseases
• Diabetes
• Pneumonia
• Influenza
• Intentional self-harm
• But not cancer
• Coffee may reduce mortality risk by favorably affecting
• Inflammation
• Lung function
• Insulin sensitivity
• Depression

Nádory

• In case of colorectal, liver and breast cancers, coffee drinking may even have a protective effect. [7]

Slinivka a sekrece inzulínu

Synergistic Potentials of Coffee on Injured Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Action via KATP Channel Blocking in Zebrafish.

• Coffee has beneficial effects on AX-damaged PIs
• Useful as a blocker of pancreatic ß-cell K(+) channels (=vyšší výlev inzulínu)
• Regenerative effects on pancreatic ß-cells (p = 0.006)
• TRG and CGA
• Rescued PI damage
• Combination of TRG/CGA
• Synergistic effect

Sperma

Lifestyles Associated With Human Semen Quality: Results From MARHCS Cohort Study in Chongqing, China.

• Coffee consumption was found to be associated with
• Increased progressive
• Increased nonprogressive motility
• Of 8.9% or 15.4% for subjects consuming 1-2 cups/wk or ?3 cups/wk of coffee

Metabolismus kofeinu

P.o. caffeine

• Rapidly absorbed
• Clinical effects within 15 min
• Peak plasma levels
• Within one hour after ingestion [1]

Metabolized

• Via hepatic
• N-demethylation
• Acetylation
• Oxidation [1]
• Paraxanthine, caffeine's primary metabolite

Účinky kofeinu

• Structurally similar to adenosine
• Can block the adenosine receptor
• Adenosine antagonism [1,2]
• Phosphodiesterases inhibition [2]

• It increases the intracellular calcium concentration
• Causes noradrenaline release
• Sensitizes dopamine receptors
• Positive inotropic and chronotropic effects na srdce [2]
• Can trigger arrhythmia [2]

• Central nervous system
• Locomotor activity stimulation
• Anxiogenic-like effects
• Caffeine abuse and dependence [2]
• Mild stimulation usually caffeine dose of 50–200 mg [1]

Rizika pití kávy a kofeinových produktů

Alergie

Identification of two metallothioneins as novel inhalative coffee allergens cof a 2 and cof a 3.

• Dust of green coffee beans is known to be a relevant cause for occupational allergic disorders in coffee industry workers.

Koronární příhody

The role of coffee consumption on the 10-year (2004-2014) Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) incidence among cardiac patients: the GREECS observational study.

• Dotazníky
• 1-2 cups of coffee/day x 0
• Had an adverse effect on the ACS incidence [odds ratio (OR)=1.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01, 1.79]
• Subgroup analysis, with hypertension as strata, only the normotensive reached significance
• OR for 1-2 cups relative to no consumption [OR=1.66, 95% CI 1.07, 2.60]
• OR ?3 cups relative to no consumption [OR=1.86, 95% CI 1.06, 3.27]
• Avoidance of coffee may be of high importance to ameliorate disease prognosis among cardiac patients

Espresso coffee consumption and risk of coronary heart disease in a large Italian cohort.

• Multivariable adjusted hazard ratios for coronary heart disease were:
• 1.18 (95% CI 0.87-1.60) for drinking 1-2 cups/day
• 1.37 (95% CI 1.03-1.82) for >2-4 cups/day
• 1.52 (95% CI 1.11-2.07) for over 4 cups/day (P trend <0.001)
• Compared to reference (<1 cup/day)
• Plasma triglycerides, and total, LDL and HDL cholesterol did not vary significantly (ANOVA) with coffee consumption.

Metabolický syndrom a DM2

Coffee intake and risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a Mendelian randomization study.

• High coffee intake was associated with
• Low risk of obesity
• Metabolic syndrome
• Type 2 diabetes
• High coffee intake was associated with:
• High body mass index
• Waist circumference
• Weight
• High systolic/diastolic blood pressure
• High triglycerides and total cholesterol
• Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
• But not with:
• Glucose levels

Nádory žaludku

Long-Term Coffee Consumption and Risk of Gastric Cancer: A PRISMA-Compliant Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.

• Combined relative risk (RR) of every 3 cups/day increment of total coffee consumption was 1.07 (95% CI=0.95-1.21)
• Proti lowest category of coffee consumption, the RR of gastric cancer was
• 1.18 (95% CI=0.90-1.55) for median 6.5cups/day
• 1.06 (95% CI=0.85-1.32 for median 3.5cups/day
• 0.97 (95% CI=0.79-1.20) for median 1.5 cups/day
• Nonlinear association between coffee consumption and gastric cancer risk

Prokrvení mozku

Cardio- and cerebrovascular responses to the energy drink Red Bull in young adults: a randomized cross-over study

• Red Bull consumption led to
• Increases in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure
• Increased heart rate and cardiac output
• No significant changes in total peripheral resistance
• Without diminished endothelial response to acetylcholine
• Myocardial load was increased
• Increases in cerebrovascular resistance and breathing frequency
• Decreases in cerebral blood flow velocity
• Pokles end-tidal carbon dioxide
• Overall negative hemodynamic profile in response to ingestion of the energy drink Red Bull
• Elevated blood pressure and double product
• Lower cerebral blood flow velocity

Svalovina

• 56-year-old man diagnosed with muscle cramp in the context of excessive coffee use

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Coffee Consumption and Incidence of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: The Jichi Medical School Cohort Study.

• During 10.7 years of follow-up
• SAH occurred in 47 participants. When compared with the participants
• Who consumed less than 1 cup of coffee a day
• HR of SAH was significantly higher in the group who consumed 5 or more cups a day in both models (HR1 4.49; 95% CI, 1.44-14.00; HR2 3.79; 95% CI, 1.19-12.05).
• Community-based cohort study showed that heavy coffee consumption was associated with an increased incidence of SAH after adjusting for age, sex, and multiple potential cardiovascular confounders.

Těhotenství

Maternal Caffeine Consumption during Pregnancy and Risk of Low Birth Weight: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.

• Every additional 100 mg of caffeine intake (1 cup of coffee or 2 cups of tea) per day during pregnancy
• Was associated with a 3.0% increase in OR for low birth weight

Maternal Caffeine Intake During Pregnancy and Child Cognition and Behavior at 4 and 7 Years of Age.

• Paraxanthine concentration at ?26 weeks' gestation
• An inverted-J-shaped association with child's IQ at age 7 years
• Peak difference (vs. undetectable) of 0.65 points at 750 µg/L (66th percentile) and a decrement thereafter
• Paraxanthine at <20 weeks
• Linearly associated with internalizing behavior at age 4 years
• For a 500-µg/L increase, odds ratio = 1.3, 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 1.5
• There was no meaningful association of serum paraxanthine level with childhood IQ or problem behaviors

Předávkování se kofeinem

Toxicity of oral caffeine in animals

• LD50
• 200–400 mg/kg in rats
• 185 mg/kg in mice [1]

• No observed adverse effect
• 150–174 mg/kg body weight/day in rats
• 167–179 mg/kg body weight/day in mice [1]

• Caffeine toxicity
• In rats - nad 100 days 110 mg/kg caffeine/d via intragastric cannulas
• Stressor reactions
• Adrenal cortex hypertrophy
• Thymic atrophy
• Gastric ulcer
• Hypertrophy of the salivary glands
• Hypertrophy liver
• Hypertrophy heart
• Hypertrophy kidney
• Hypertrophy lung [1]

Toxcita kofeinu u lidí

• Fatal blood concentrations of 80–100 mg/L in humans
• Person would need to ingest 50–100 tablets of 100 mg pure caffeine [1]

-Nálezy při fátální intoxikaci kofeinem:

• Only a few fatal caffeine intoxication cases have been reported in the literature
• Headache
• Nausea, vomiting
• Fever
• Hyperventilation, dizziness, anxiety, tinnitus, tremor
• Agitation
• Hypertension, hypotension, arrhythmia
• Seizures [1]
• Acute level of caffeine consumption is thought to be
• Approximately 10 g per day in adults
• Cca 100 cups of coffee [1]
• Difficult to determine the cause of death in patients who do overdose
• Blood caffeine concentrations can be used to help make a definitive diagnosis in such patients
• 15 case reports on attempted suicides that used caffeine
• Only 7 fatalities occurred [1]
• Pitva 18-year-old woman was found dead in her bed at home
• Známky zvracení, eroze a krvácení žaludku, edem mozku
• Nonspecific changes in many of the organs [1]

• Possible caffeine’s mechanism of death:
• Usually associated with ventricular arrhythmia
• Seizures may be another possible mechanism [1]
• Severe rhabdomyolysis
• Acute renal failure
• Brain showed edematous changes
• Respiratory arrest caused by caffeine-induced brain functional damage [1]

Literatura:

Akrylamid

• 2016- ve vzorcích pražené kávy obsah akrylamidu
• Od 151 do 274 µg.kg-1
• Směrná hodnota pro praženou kávu nebyla překročena

Informace

• http://eagri.cz/public/web/file/541666/Zprava_o_cinnostech_SZV_za_rok_2016.pdf

Káva z Kamerunu

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