Hippuric Acid
3-phenylpropionate
- The anaerobic bacterial product,
- Normally converted to common hippuric acid
- Excreted as 3-phenylpropionylglycine in individuals with a relatively common inborn error of fatty acid oxidation
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
Microbial overgrowth
- Can include
- Benzoate,
- Hippurate,
- Phenylacetate,
- Phenylpropionate,
- Cresol,
- Hydroxybenzoate,
- Hydroxyphenylacetate,
- Hydroxyphenylpropionate
- 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionate,
- Indican,
- Tricarballylate,
- D-lactate,
- D-arabinitol
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
Quinic acid
- A tetrahydroxybenzoic acid compound
- Found in tea, coffee, fruits, and vegetables
- Largely metabolized to benzoic acid by intestinal bacteria and excreted as hippurate
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
Inadequacy of glycine or pantothenic acid
- Elevated benzoate as confirmatory marker for inadequacy of glycine or pantothenic acid for conjugation reactions in the detoxification system
- Indicates poor detoxification via phase II glycine conjugation
- Abnormalities of urinary benzoate and hippurate
- May reveal clinically significant detoxification or dysbiosis issues
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
Coffee, fruits, and vegetables
- Are sources of the polyphenolic chlorogenic acid
- Over 57 percent of which is recovered in urine as organic acids, mainly benzoate and hippurate.
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
Bacterial overgrowth
- Resulting from
- Cystic fibrosis,
- Unclassified enteritis,
- Celiac disease,
- Short bowel syndrome
- Found to have elevated benzoate along with various degrees of elevated
- Phenylacetate,
- P-hydroxybenzoate,
- P-hydroxyphenylacetate
- Bacterial catabolism of dietary polyphenols may be the predominant origin of benzoate, which is normally conjugated with glycine in the liver to form hippurate.
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
Organic solvent toluene
- Is metabolized by oxidation to benzoic acid and excreted as hippurate
- Relationship is weak because of the multiple other sources of hippurate described
Short-term toluene exposure
- Produces no significant change in hippurate excretion
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
Zelený čaj
- Humans were experimentally switched from a low-polyphenol diet to one including 6 g of green tea or black tea solids
- They began excreting more hippurate
- Consumption of 6 g of green tea solids by healthy male volunteers
- Produced an approximate doubling of urinary hippurate, from 1.9 to 4.0 mmol/24 hours
- A change of 2 mmol/24 hours corresponds to approximately 120 mcg hippurate/mg creatinine
- Normal tea consumption is small compared with a typical abnormal cutoff of about 1,000 mcg hippurate/mg creatinine
- Brewed black tea similar
- Levels of phenolic compounds from green tea
- Are lowered by administration of an antibacterial agent to a humans
- Microbial contribution to the appearance of urinary products
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
