Glykolýza
Glykolýza
Stáří
- Nižší hladiny klíčových enzymů glykolýzy u staších opičáků [1]
Estrogeny exogenní
- Na glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) slabě estrogenní aktivující efekt
- BPA
- 4-nonylphenol (NP)
- 4-octylphenol (OP)
- 4-propylphenol (PP)
HAK - Oral contraceptives (OC)
- Synthetic estrogen e,g. ethinyl estradiol (EE) and progestogens (P)
- Reduce glucose tolerance [1]
- Women who used OC for periods exceeding 10 cycles (12-36 months)
- Significantly reduced activity of PFK, a key glycolytic enzyme by 40%
- Reduced levels of lactate by 42% in the erythrocytes [1]
- Impaired glucose tolerance
- Reduced glycolysis through lowering the levels of PFK synthesis by EE and P [1]
- Špatně hubnoucí ženy a ženy s rizikem DM2 !!!
Jaterní glykolýza
- Enhancing hepatic glycolysis by over-expressing the key enzymes involved in glycolysis
- Glucokinase
- 6-phospho fructose-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase [1]
- Reduced bodyweight and adiposity in obese mice [1]
Glykolýza CNS
- Rat brain glycolysis is regulated by E2 [1]
Enzymy
Hexokinase (HK)(e.g. glucose kinase, GK)
- Vzestup vlivem E2, již 4 po podání [1]
- Anulováno aktinomycinem D
- Activities higher in subjects with NIDDM [1]
- Over-expressing the key enzymes in glycolysis - glucokinase
- Enhanced hepatic glycolysis
- Reduced bodyweight and adiposity in obese mice [2]
Phosphoglucoisomerase(PGI)
Phosphofructokinase(PFK)
- Vzestup vlivem E2, již 4 po podání [1]
- Anulováno aktinomycinem D
- Activities higher in subjects with NIDDM [1]
Aldolase(AD)
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPD)
- Activities higher in subjects with NIDDM [1]
Phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK)
- Vzestup vlivem E2
Phosphoglycerate mutase(PGM)
Enolase(EN)
- Vzestup vlivem E2
Pyruvate kinase(PK)
- Vzestup vlivem E2, již 4 po podání [1]
- Anulováno aktinomycinem D
6-phospho fructose-2-kinase
- Over-expressing the key enzymes in glycolysis - 6-phospho fructose-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase
- Enhanced hepatic glycolysis
- Reduced bodyweight and adiposity in obese mice [2]
Fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase(PFKFB)
- Bifunctional enzyme
- Maintaining the cellular level of fructose-2, 6-bisphosphate
- Powerful allosteric activator of glycolysis [1]
- Over-expression of PFKFB-4
- Human breast and colon tumors
- Breast cancer MCF-7 cells constitutively express PFKFB-4 mRNA
- Highly induced by hypoxia
- Correlated with the enhanced expression of:
- PFKFB-3
- Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1
- HIF-1 dependent-Glut-1
- Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [1]
Glucose-6-phosphatase
- Down regulated by:
- Phytoestrogens
- Genistein
- Daidzein [1]
Glukoneogeneze
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)
- Down regulated by:
- Phytoestrogens
- Genistein
- Daidzein [1]
Literatura:
[1] Regulation of Energy Metabolism Pathways by Estrogens and Estrogenic Chemicals and Potential Implications in Obesity Associated with Increased Exposure to Endocrine Disruptors. URL < www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2747085/?tool=pmcentrez >.