Hydroxyphenylpropionate
Hydroxyphenylpropionate
- O- (or 2) and m- (or 3)-hydroxyphenylpropionates
- Can reveal specific types of intestinal bacterial activity
- Germ-free rats are given feed that is contaminated with feces from standard rats
- Begin to excrete m-hydroxyphenylpropionate (m-HPPA)
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
Caffeinic acid
- M-HPPA
- Absent from the urine of germ-free rats
- Principal product that appears from conventional rats when caffeic acid is introduced
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
Grape seed extract
- Increased excretion of m-HPPA was found in healthy human volunteers who consumed 1,000 mg of polyphenols as grape seed extract
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
Low levels of urinary m-HPPA
- Can indicate low intake of caffeic acid and the proanthocyanidins found in grapes and other foods
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
High levels of m-HPPA
- May indicate increased intestinal bacterial metabolism of dietary catechins and caffeic acid
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
m-HPPA systematically increases in rat urine when
- Catechin is added to their chow
- Excretion in urine drops from around 200 mcg/24 hours to 10 mcg/24 hours after administration of a
Combination sulfathiozole + auromycin antibiotic
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
Chlorogenic acid
- Wide range of individual variation in responses
- To variation in intestinal bacterial conversion potential from the normal rates exhibited by most people.
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
p- (or 4) isomer p-HPPA
- Is metabolized by bacteria but not by protozoa
- Bacterial action converts p-HPPA into
- P-hydroxybenzoate,
- P-hydroxyphenylacetate,
- Phenylpropionate,
- Phenyllactate,
- Phenylpyruvate
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
p-HPPA is elevated without concurrent elevation of tyrosine
- Possibility of intestinal clostridial production from dietary tyrosine should be considered
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
L-tyrosine is supplied as a growth substrate
- P-HPPA is a major product of Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium botulinum A, C. botulinum B, and Clostridium caloritolerians
- Result in the appearance of
- Even greater concentrations of phenylpropionate
- Insignificant amounts of phenylacetate, phenyllactate, p-hydroxyphenylacetate, and indole
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
Naringin
- Human fecal bacteria grown with the polyphenol naringin
- Predominant production of phenylpropionate or p-HPPA
- Help to explain the varied patterns of urinary products that appear with individual patients
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
Abnormal appearance of the o- or m- isomers
- Indicates the more common bacterial overgrowth utilizing dietary polyphenols
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
High p-hydroxyphenylacetate
- May be due to type III tyrosinemia
- Bacterial conversion of unabsorbed tyrosine
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
Microbial overgrowth
- Can include
- Benzoate,
- Hippurate,
- Phenylacetate,
- Phenylpropionate,
- Cresol,
- Hydroxybenzoate,
- Hydroxyphenylacetate,
- Hydroxyphenylpropionate
- 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionate,
- Indican,
- Tricarballylate,
- D-lactate,
- D-arabinitol
