MUDr. Dana Maňasková


Vyhledávání na medicinman.cz
 

5-meo-dmt

Historie

  • Use of 5-MeO-DMT in the Americas goes back hundreds – maybe even thousands – of years
  • Snuffing paraphernalia
  • Traces of the compound found in northern Chile
    • 8th century [2]
  • 1496 use of 5-MeO-DMT-containing snuff first recorded in by Friar Ramón Pané
    • To Christopher Columbus on the Taíno people of Hispaniola
    • Pané observed inhalation of cohoba snuff through reeds
      • Purgative for the sick
      • Medium through which to obtain medical diagnoses from spirits [2]
  • 1737, Joseph Gumilla observed
    • Yupa (or yopo), among the Otomac of southern Venezuela[2]
  • Alexander von Humboldt
    • Described how the snuff was made
      • Seeds of the Acacia niopo (Adenanthera peregrina) were left to blacken
      • Mashed into a paste with cassava flour and lime from snail shells
      • Dried over a fire
      • Pulverized for use
      • Typically inhaled through a Y-shaped bone tube
        • Plover leg, with the forked ends straddling the septum [2]
  • Richard Spruce in the mid-1800s described the use of tubes between two people—one
    • To blow the snuff into the nostrils of the other
    • Collected specimens of the Adenanthera peregrina for identification [2]
  • 1936 5-MeO-DMT was synthesized by the chemists Toshio Hoshino and Kenya Shimodaira
  • 1959 that it was finally identified as the major psychoactive component of yopo/cohoba
  • Found in the venom of the Bufo alvarius - sometimes at levels of up to 15% by volume [2]
  • 1970s 5-MeO-DMT could be legally ordered in the US and other countries via mail order
    • Church of the Tree of Life
    • Church of the Toad of Light
  • Recreational use steadily increased
  • 1990s, ethnobotanist Jonathan Ott and others popularized 5-MeO-DMT
    • Developed it for sale on the internet
  • 2001 chemical vendor Mark Niemoller was arrested under the Controlled Substances Analogue Act of 1986
    • Released on house arrest after agreeing to stop selling 5-MeO-DMT and a number of other substances
  • 2004, “Operation Web Tryp” saw the DEA shut down five more research chemical vendors, prompting numerous others to stop trading voluntarily
  • 2011, 5-MeO-DMT was declared a Schedule I drug in the United States.
  • 2004 (the year of “Operation Web Tryp”) - 2007
    • Searches for 5-MeO-DMT fell dramatically
    • Remained at a steady low ever since

Receptory

  • 5-MeO-DMT works primarily through the serotonin (5-HT) system
  • Particular binding affinity for the
    • 5-HT1A receptor subtype
    • 5-HT2A
    • Trace amine receptors
      • Possibly mediating hallucinogenic effects via the latter [2]

Serotoninový syndrom

  • Indolealkylamines
  • Cause serotonin syndrome when overdosed or combined
  • Possible interactions with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
    • Harmaline or harmine [2]
  • Sometimes combined with the drug to enhance its effect
    • Can dangerously increase exposure to both 5-MeO-DMT and its active metabolite bufotenine [2]

Animal studies

  • Rats, 5-MeO-DMT was found to induce hypothermia
    • At low doses (0.5-1 mg/kg)
  • Hyperthermia
    • At high doses (3-10 mg/kg) [2]
  • Sheep, grazing on the 5-MeO-DMT-containing Phalaris tuberose/aquatica (or bulbous canary-grass)
    • Caused fatal tachycardia and respiratory failure
    • More likely due to other toxins in the plant [2]

In its crystalline form, 5-MeO-DMT is often vaporized or insufflated (snorted). Effects from vaporizing are usually felt within the first 30 seconds, peaking from 1-15 minutes and lasting for up to half an hour. A threshold dose is around 1-2 mg, while a moderate-to-strong dose is 5-10 mg.
Insufflated, it may take up to five minutes to feel the effects, despite the higher dose ranges involved (threshold: 3-5 mg; moderate: 8-15 mg). Effects tend to peak after 10-30 minutes and subside from around 30-45.[20]
5-MeO-DMT may also be swallowed[21], taken sublingually (under the tongue), or injected.[22]Much higher doses are required for swallowing and results can be unreliable.WHAT TO EXPECT
Effects come on strong, often with a loss of physical coordination and control. Users experience bright colors, moving environments, or recursive patterns, and perhaps even “environmental orbism” at higher doses. However, visual effects are limited. Unlike DMT, 5-MeO-DMT isn’t known for its visionary properties. The experience is more often described as a “perspective shift” characterized by physical, emotional, and conceptual effects.
One of the most common features of the 5-MeO-DMT experience is an enhancement of tactile awareness to the point of sensory overload. The body may also feel heavier. Intense emotions are typical, ranging from extreme fear to euphoria, and especially include anxiety or excitement during onset. It’s common to experience an overwhelming sense of oneness with the universe, or a sense of being outside of time and space while seeming to experience the totality of both. The concept of the ego as a separate entity is typically lost. Other effects include auditory hallucinations, time distortion, nausea, and memory loss.
[22][23][24][25][26]
Click here to listen to Ashley Booth describe her life-changing 5-MeO-DMT experiencePRECAUTIONS
5-MeO-DMT should not be taken with MAOIs, including some antidepressants. Combining them may cause severe hypertensive symptoms (elevated blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature), seizures, long-term kidney damage, serotonin syndrome, and death.[27]
Because of the somewhat unpredictable nature of 5-MeO-DMT, a sitter is definitely recommended. Short-term unconsciousness, respiratory depression, and delusional interactions with the environment are some of the things to watch out for.[28] At the very least, it should be taken in a comfortable seated or lying position to avoid falling over.
Those new to 5-MeO-DMT should start out with a low dose, weighed on a scale accurate to 0.002 g (2 mg). Since people tend to react differently to the same doses (and it’s not entirely clear why) caution is advisable even if you have prior experience of tryptamines.
As with any psychedelic, follow the 6Ss of psychedelic use to minimize the risks of a bad experience.Myths 05“5-MeO-DMT is a form of DMT”
This myth is based on a common, and potentially very dangerous, misunderstanding of pharmacology. It’s no more a form of DMT than psilocybin is. Although chemically related, 5-MeO-DMT has a substantially different toxicity profile. It’s also active at much lower doses, so a case of mistaken identity could lead to overdose.[29]“LICKING TOADS IS AN EASY WAY TO GET HIGH”
Alexander Shulgin attributed this myth (or rather, very bad idea) to sensationalism in the media.[30] Licking Bufo alvarius toads has never been a common method for obtaining 5-MeO-DMT, for the simple reason that it’s deadly. Other chemicals in raw toad secretions are known to be cardiotoxic, which means they’ll disrupt the functioning of the heart. Numerous humans have died after licking toads and one child who was hospitalized with seizures from Bufo alvarius venom took a week to recover.[31] Given that just this one, geographically isolated species is known to be psychoactive, there’s also the danger of licking the wrong toad entirely, which can cause death or permanent paralysis.Therapeutic Use 06
5-MeO-DMT is routinely used to alleviate depression, anxiety, PTSD, and addiction.[32][33] It’s sometimes used alongside ibogaine treatment to help patients integrate what they’ve learned.[34]
Limited clinical research appears to support such use of 5-MeO-DMT in treating addiction and depressive disorders. After administering the compound to mice, researchers found a major downregulation in mGluR5, a receptor involved in the reward mechanism of drug abuse. Not only are mice without the mGluR5 gene less likely to self-administer cocaine and ethanol, they also show less severe symptoms of nicotine withdrawal. Furthermore, cells treated with 5-MeO-DMT showed an upregulation of integrins, a response similar to that of depressed patients to antidepressant medications.[35]
5-MeO-DMT also appears to have a placebo analgesic effect comparable to hypnosis.[36][37][38] Like the other classical psychedelics, it may be useful in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions[39][40], including some cancers.[41][42]
More indirectly, 5-MeO-DMT helps researchers to better understand the neurobiological basis of schizophrenic hallucinations—ultimately paving the way for more effective antipsychotic drugs.[43]Personal Growth 07
Ego loss on 5-MeO-DMT is often described in positive terms—even if the experience was terrifying at the time. Many see it as a process of death and rebirth followed by lasting self-improvements, including mental clarity, increased motivation, enhanced awareness, joy in living, and a sense of inner peace. Some have also had empowering “enlightenment” experiences characterized by a sense of inseparability from the universe or of being “all that exists.”[44][45][46] Often, these experiences come in waves or ‘reactivations’ over the following days or weeks.
Being forced to let go of the ego is precisely what draws many people to 5-MeO-DMT. The dissolution experience can impart an understanding and acceptance of mortality that helps to overcome the fear of death.[32] It can also break attachments with past trauma, negative behaviors, and habitual negative thought patterns.
One group of 5-MeO-DMT ‘practitioners’ have suggested a number of specific integration and grounding techniques to make the most of the potential for growth. These include acupuncture, massage, physical exercise, certain foods, and even just talking to others. Interestingly, they advise against meditation because it could end up prolonging the grounding/integration period by triggering additional ‘reactivations’.Legality 08
5-MeO-DMT is a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States, which means it’s illegal to manufacture, buy, possess, or distribute. It’s also illegal in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and many European countries—although in Denmark, at least, it’s permitted for use in research.
In Canada, it remains unregulated and widely available for purchase online.[47]FAQ 09Can it be detected in a drug test?
5-MeO-DMT isn’t detected in any standard or extended drug tests, nor are there specialized tests to look for it. Also, since it’s unlike other drugs tested for, it shouldn’t trigger a false positive.Will it make me go crazy?
Most people find the effects overwhelming. Consensus reality, the physical environment, body, and self tend to fall away and behavior can become irrational. While long-term psychosis seems improbable, it may take some time to fully recover from the experience.
After higher doses, some users have reported persistent psychological difficulties, including paranoia and the subtle (but controllable) resurfacing of effects, that can last for several weeks.[48][49][50]
“White-outs” and memory suppression are also common during the trip itself, negatively affecting users’ ability to form memories of the altered state.[22][24]Are there risks?
Taken in the presence of a sitter with no other drugs or contraindicated medications (like MAOI antidepressants), 5-MeO-DMT appears to be relatively safe. That said, persistent anxiety has been reported after just one use, along with sleep disruption and panic attacks. To help minimize the risks, it’s a good idea to start with low, precisely measured doses, and have an experienced sitter present.
Alternatively, you may wish to have a more actively engaged facilitator, or ‘practitioner’, present—a 5-MeO-DMT specialist trained to guide and help integrate your experience. Click here for in-depth tips on how to choose the right person or group for the job and what you should expect them to do.Is it legal to keep toads or grow plants containing 5-MeO-DMT?
Cultivating natural sources of Schedule I drugs (except in specified cases like cannabis and peyote) is a bit of a legal grey area. While the law prohibits “any material containing any quantity” of illegal substances, the likelihood of prosecution is slim. On the other hand, extracting 5-MeO-DMT from any source is definitely illegal and will lead to prosecution if caught.
Regarding toads, the rules are clearer. In New Mexico, only state residents may collect them without a license. Both residents and non-residents of Arizona need a fishing license to collect a maximum of 10 Bufo alvarius toads. In California, meanwhile, it’s a misdemeanor to collect toads and possession is against the law. Regardless of the legality, though, Bufo alvarius is a threatened species. Keeping toads in captivity—not to mention regular “milking”—is found to damage their health.What’s the safest way to take it?
There is no entirely safe way to take 5-MeO-DMT. That said, vaporizing is by far the most popular way and it also seems to be the safest. The onset of effects is shorter than with insufflated or sublingual use, however some people experience chest pains from the smoke. Others experience no effects whatsoever and prefer intravenous or intramuscular injections. These induce rapid, intense effects even at low doses. Swallowing the drug isn’t recommended due to safety concerns and it’s often ineffective anyway.Can I microdose with 5-MeO-DMT?
As people’s reactions vary immensely, it’s hard to give a reliable microdose range. Some have felt profound effects on less than a threshold dose, while others experience only mild effects from a moderate dose.Can I develop a tolerance?
Yes, tolerance develops almost immediately and takes two hours to return to baseline. But there is no cross-tolerance with other psychedelics.Can I mix it with other drugs?
It shouldn’t be mixed with MAOIs or RIMAs, including some antidepressants, due to the risk of serotonin syndrome and death. Releasing agents and reuptake inhibitors, for serotonin and dopamine especially, can be dangerous in combination. For this reason, mixing 5-MeO-DMT with other psychoactive drugs or alcohol is generally discouraged.

Patofyziologie

  • Powerfully psychoactive
  • After inhalation, the user usually experiences a
    • Warm sensation,
    • Euphoria,
    • Strong visual and auditory hallucinations
  • No long-lasting effects have been reported [1]
  • Psychedelic of the tryptamine class
    • 4-6x more powerful than DMT (N,N-dimethyltryptamine)

Podání

  • May be smoked [1]



Výskyt

  • Can be found in a wide variety of
    • Trees
    • Shrubs
    • Often alongside DMT and bufotenine (5-HO-DMT) [2]
  • Central and South America
    • Traditionally harvested to make psychoactive snuff
      • Anadenanthera peregrina (yopo or cohoba)
      • Virola theiodora—both [2]
    • Milky white venom of the Bufo alvarius toad native to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico [2]
O úroveň výše

Poslední aktualizace: 11. 12. 2023 22:54:35