Epidemiologie

Epidemiologie

• Přirozeně se vyskytují
• Zvířata
• Rostliny
• Půda
• Lidi [1]
• 16 druhů, z toho nemoci působí:
• M. fermentans
• M.hominis
• M.genitalium
• M.pneumoniae
• Ureoplasma urealyticum
• U. parvum [8]

Mycoplasma hominis

• Běžně nacházený patogen
• Převážně v urogenitálním systému u žen a sexuálně aktivních mužů [1]
• M. hominis is present in about 20% of healthy people [7]

Mycoplasma genitalium

• 1 z 15 mykoplazem, které se nacházejí u lidí [8]
• Animal mycoplasms have been detected occasionally in humans, particularly in immunodeficient patients [8]

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

• Na všech kontinentech kromě Antarktidy
• Obvykle younger than 40 [3]
• Only 5-10% of infected patients actually develop pneumonia [6]

Inkubační doba

• 1-2-3 týdny [6]
• Influenza and other viral pneumonias - generally average a few days [6]

Incidence

• Does not appear be related to season or geography
• More frequently during the late summer and fall months [5,6]
• When other respiratory pathogens are less prevalent [5]
• In summer, this organism may cause as many as 50% of all pneumonias [6]
• Reinfection and epidemic cycling [5]
• Result of P1 adhesin subtype variation
• Every 4-8 years in the general population [6]
• Cca 40% of community-acquired pneumonia
• Due to M. pneumoniae infections [5]
• Children and elderly most susceptible [5]

Transmission of M. pneumoniae

• Close contact
• Exchange of aerosols by coughing
• Citlivost na vyschnutí [5]
• Outbreaks of M. pneumoniae infections
• Groups of people in close and prolonged proximity
• Schools
• Institutions
• Military bases
• Households [5]

• Can be excreted from the respiratory tract for several weeks after the acute infection [6]
• Isolation of the organism may not indicate acute infection [6]

• Transmission difficult to limit
• Several day period of infection before symptoms appear
• Lack of proper diagnostic tools and effective treatment
• Long incubation period
• The best method of prevention
• Limit caregiver-patient interactions [5]
• Reduce the movement of caregivers to multiple wards [5]

Prevalence

• Estimated as 20%-40% in outpatients [8]
• Cca 10-20% in hospitalized children with pneumonia [8]
• M. pneumoniae is the most common agent in children over five years
• Found in up to 50% of all pneumonia cases in schoolchildren [8]
• Children are an important M. pneumoniae reservoir [8]