Makrofágy M1 M2

• M1 macrophages, aerobic glycolysis is induced upon activation
• Increase in glucose uptake and the conversion of pyruvate to lactate
• Respiratory chain are reduced
• Allowing for reactive oxygen species production
• M2 macrophages
• Energy from fatty acid oxidation and oxidative metabolism
• Under the IL-4 activation of M2 macrophages, STAT6 induces PPARG coactivator-1B (PGC1B)
• Further induces mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial biogenesis
• PGC1B
• Together with other TFs, nuclear factor 1 (NRF-1), and estrogenrelated receptor alpha (ERRa)
• Drives the production of critical mitochondrial components,
• Cytochrome c and ATP
• Is a crucial driver of higher oxidative capacity in M2 macrophages
• Acts as a metabolic switch
• Lack of function leading to the M1 phenotype.

• Growth-differentiation factor 15 (GDF15)
• Induces the polarization of macrophages to the M2 phenotype
• By upregulating the oxidative function