Patofyziologie
Arginase
- Key enzyme catalyzing L-arginine
- In breast tumor environments is strengthened
- Generates an unfavorable milieu for T cell adaptability
HML2 Env downregulation
- Significantly reduced tumor formation and metastasis in mouse xenografts
- Overexpressed in hBC cells
- HML2 Env expression in non-transformed breast cells
- Prompted epithelial to mesenchymal transition
- Leading to an increase in cell motility, migration and invasion (Lemaître et al., 2017)
- Behavioral changes were mediated by HML2 Env
- Through the activation of ERK1/2 MAPK pathway
- Stimulation of transcription factors associated with cancer aggressiveness (Lemaître et al., 2017).
- www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00462/full
Increased mitochondrial biogenesis
- May facilitate efficient high energy production, resulting in the rapid propagation of CSCs (6–10). In addition, within metastatic lymph nodes isolated from breast cancer patients, disseminated cancer cells show elevated levels of mitochondrial activity, especially Complex IV activation, as revealed by functional activity assays
- Interestingly, mitochondrial biogenesis is critically linked to the activity of mitochondrial ribosomal proteins, that functionally translate key mitochondrial proteins, which are genetically encoded by mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA); this includes 13 proteins that are necessary to functionally maintain OXPHOS and mitochondrial ATP synthesis
Type I IFN pathway
- By cancer cells
- Stimulates an immune response similar to the signals produced by infection
- Cancer cells suppress these signals to spread to the bone
- Restoring the immune response has therapeutic value in breast cancer models [4]
Tryptophan and arginine
- Involved in the manipulation of immunity and tolerance
- Generally deregulated in cancers
