Kresol
Microbial overgrowth
- Can include
- benzoate,
- Hippurate,
- Phenylacetate,
- Phenylpropionate,
- cresol,
- Hydroxybenzoate,
- Hydroxyphenylacetate,
- Hydroxyphenylpropionate
- 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionate,
- Indican,
- Tricarballylate,
- D-lactate,
- D-arabinitol
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
Cresol
- Chemical structure very similar to phenol and is highly toxic
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
Střevnà bakterie
- Cresol excretion is not affected by dietary protein intake
- Suggesting the bacteria responsible reside in the lower portions of the small intestine where amino acids from dietary protein rarely penetrate
- These bacteria apparently produce cresol from intestinal secretions as well as from dietary sources
- Mammalian tissues
- 95 percent of cresol infused into the rumen appears in urine
- Production of cresol in humans
- May be dependent on small intestinal populations of aerobic or microaerophilic bacteria
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
Celiakie
- Large majority of adult celiac disease patients were found to excrete unusually high amounts of p-cresol
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
Loss of renal function
- Uremic patients accumulate cresol
- May contribute to toxic effects
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
Absorbenty
- Resultant increase in serum cresol
- Can be prevented by the use of non-absorbed oral sorbents
- Origin of p-cresol is the bowel
Powdered, activated charcoal
- Generally available sorbent
Newer synthetic compounds
- May also be effective
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
Prebiotic substrate (oligofructose-enriched inulin)
- Cresol excretion was found to be lowered
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
Lactobacillus casei Shirota
- Cresol excretion was found to be lowered
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
Bifidobacterium breve
- Cresol excretion was found to be lowered
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
Dietary polyphenols or tyrosine residues from dietary proteins
- Compounds from which urinary
- P-cresol,
- P-hydroxybenzoate
- P-hydroxyphenylacetate are formed
Clinical Applications of Urinary Organic Acids. Part 2. Dysbiosis Markers, Richard S. Lord, PhD, and J. Alexander Bralley, PhD, Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 4 2008
p-Cresol (4-Cresol)
- Popular companies: Great Plains
- What the company says it indicates: Clostridioides difficile (previously named Clostridium difficile) overgrowth
- P-cresol is a microbial metabolite of tyrosine
- Produced by many gut microbes but in particularly large quantities by C. difficile
- Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment
- Increase urinary p-cresol by reducing protein absorption
- Suggesting that this metabolite may also be influenced by the degree to which protein is digested
- One of three serum metabolites inversely correlated with type II diabetes risk
- Giving p-cresol to mice with cardiometabolic disease
- Reduced body fat, glucose intolerance, and fatty liver
- Increasing the function of insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells
- P-cresol has been found to be elevated in children with autism
- Administering a dose 100 times higher than in the cardiometabolic study mentioned above to healthy mice
- Induced autistic-like behavior
- This effect was reversible with microbiome transplantation
- None of these studies correlated p-cresol levels to levels of C. difficile or other gut bacteria.
- Sulfate group is attached to p-cresol in the body to form p-cresyl sulfate
- Uremic toxin that is known to accumulate in chronic kidney disease due to impaired excretion
- Has potentially cancerous effects
- Scarcely measured both p-cresol and p-cresyl sulfate in the same human subjects
- Possible that the rate of sulfation may influence p-cresol’s apparent bidirectional effects.
- Various microbial products and diets have been shown to influence p-cresol concentrations
- Lactic acid bacteria-fermented soy extract, wheat bran extract, and a raw vegan diet
- Have all been shown to significantly reduce urinary p-cresol in various studies
- Yeast mannan extract and a low-fat diet
- Have also been shown to reduce fecal p-cresol
- Subgroup from the well-known PREDIMED trial
- Increased p-cresol was one of a group of three urinary metabolites that could distinguish people with high adherence to a Mediterranean diet with 97 percent accuracy
- Impactful bacterial metabolite derived from diverse sources
- Further research is needed to clarify its effects and optimal urinary ranges.
- www.lucymailing.com/the-uses-and-limitations-of-organic-acids-testing-for-gut-health-a-complete-guide/?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email
