Snížené hladiny
Deplece glutathionu
- When the cell fails to protect GSH content no longer, certain cell death may be followed
S-nitrosation of GCS protein by NO donors
- S-nitroso-l-cysteine and S-nitroso-l-cysteinylglycine reduces enzyme activity
- Suggesting a link between NO (a metabolite of l-arginine) and GSH metabolism
- Increase in NO production by inducible NO synthase
- Causes GCS inhibition and GSH depletion in cytokine-activated macrophages and neurons [1]
Extracelulární ztráty
- The GSSG efflux from cells contributes to a net loss of intracellular GSH
High-fat diet, saturated long-chain fatty acids, low-density lipoproteins, linoleic acid, and iron
- Enhance the expression of inducible NO synthase and NO production
- May exacerbate the loss of GSH from cells [1]
Glucosamine, taurine, n-3 PUFAs, phytoestrogens, polyphenols, carotenoids, and zinc
- Inhibit the expression of inducible NO synthase and NO production
- May prevent or attenuate GSH depletion in cells [1]
Malnutrice proteinová
- Significant amount of which (up to 15%) may be bound to protein
- Cellular GSH concentrations are reduced markedly in response to protein malnutrition
- Erythrocytes of children with edematous protein-energy malnutrition and piglets with protein deficiency
- GSH synthesis is impaired, leading to GSH deficiency [1]
Oxidační stres
- Because of the cysteine residue
- GSH is readily oxidized nonenzymatically to glutathione disulfide (GSSG) by electrophilic substances
- Free radicals and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species
Paracetamol
- Is one of the most widely used analgesics in the world especially for chronic pain in the elderly.
- The metabolism of paracetamol occurs in the liver
- Involves the use of glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine (Glutathione (GSH)
- Medications such as paracetamol reduce the reserves of GSH
- Is used for detoxification and elimination
- Concentration of GSH decrease after administration of paracetamol in humans and animals.
- Aging is associated with decreased concentration of GSH in cells and tissues
- In the elderly, a decrease of GSH concentration in plasma or red blood cells is associated with decreased physical and mental health.
- Subjects aged over 70 years, the blood concentration of glutathione (GSH) and urinary loss of cysteine in the detoxification of paracetamol, when taking paracetamol treatment repeated.
Decrease GCS transcription or activity
- Dietary protein deficiency,
- Dexamethasone !!! (protizánětlivá snaha mnoha lékařů u mnoha chorob)
- Erythropoietin,
- Tumor growth factor beta
- Hyperglycemia,
- GCS phosphorylation [1]
Paracetamol
- Is one of the most widely used analgesics in the world especially for chronic pain in the elderly.
- The metabolism of paracetamol occurs in the liver
- Involves the use of glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine (Glutathione (GSH)
- Medications such as paracetamol reduce the reserves of GSH
- Is used for detoxification and elimination
- Concentration of GSH decrease after administration of paracetamol in humans and animals.
- Aging is associated with decreased concentration of GSH in cells and tissues
- In the elderly, a decrease of GSH concentration in plasma or red blood cells is associated with decreased physical and mental health.
- Subjects aged over 70 years, the blood concentration of glutathione (GSH) and urinary loss of cysteine in the detoxification of paracetamol, when taking paracetamol treatment repeated.
