leky-latky/propolis/slozeni
Propolis
Brazilian and Venezuelan propolis
- From stingless bees, Melipona quadrifasciata, Melipona compresssipes, Tetragonisca angustula, and Nannotrigona sp.
- High antibacterial activity (Dos Santos et al., 2017b)
- Hydroalcoholic extract of propolis from Melipona quadrifasciata
- High antibacterial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa
- Significant antimollicute s activity against Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Hochhein et al., 2020, Dos Santos et al., 2017b)
Geopropolis from Heterotrigona itama
- Antibacterial activity against Gram-positive
- Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus
- Gram-negative bacteria
- Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Abdullah et al., 2019)
Geopropolis from Melipona mondury
- Bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
- Staphylococcus aureus,
- Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (Dos Santos et al., 2017c).
Geopropolis from Melipona quadrifasciata quadrifasciata
- Effective against S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (Torres et al., 2018)
Propolis from stingless bees Tetragonisca fiebrigi
- Antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fungi (Campos et al., 2015).
- Propolis acted more efficaciously against Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria
- Gram-positive bacteria
- Cell wall, with predominant share of peptidoglycan
- Allows hydrophobic molecules to penetrate the cells
- Act on wall as well as cell membrane and within the cytoplasm
- Gram-negative bacteria
- The cell wall of is more complex
- Less peptidoglycan
- With outer membrane composed of double layer of phospholipids
- Linked with inner membrane by lipopolysaccharides (Ristivojević et al., 2016)
- Can produce a wide range of hydrolytic enzymes
- Gram-negative may be more resistant to active constituents of propolis (Ristivojević et al., 2016)
- Antiviral activity of propolis
- Can be attributed to the cell lysis
- Disruption of the cytoplasmic membrane of virus
- Leakage of cellular components and eventually cell death (Górniak et al., 2019, Tagousop et al., 2018, Coelho et al., 2015, 2018).
- Propolis has different antibacterial mechanisms
- Inhibition of cell division,
- Collapsing microbial cytoplasm cell membranes
- Inhibition of bacterial motility,
- Different bacterial enzymes activity (Okińczyca et al., 2020)
- Bacteriolysis
- protein synthesis inhibition (AlAni et al., 2018, Aboody and Mickymaray, 2020, Górniak et al., 2019, Tagousop et al., 2018)
- Some studies demonstrated antifungical activity of propolis against Candida genus
- This propolis sample did not exhibited antifungical activity this fungus.
- www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.01.450350v3.full
Components in propolis
- Pinocembrin,
- Pinobanksin,
- Caffeic acid phenetyl ester,
- Artepillin C,
- Cinnamic acid,
- P-coumaric acid,
- Caffeic acid,
- Ferulic acid,
- Isoferulic acid,
- Chrysin,
- Galangin,
- Kaempferol,
- Quercetin.
- flavonoids contribute greatly to the pharmacological activities of propolis
- Almost exclusively aglycones
- Despite their antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties
- Low solubility and poor bioavailability
- Increased by utilizing the phytosome forms and cogrinding technology
- Raw propolis consists of about
- 50% resins,
- 30% waxes,
- 10% essential oils,
- 5% pollen,
- 5% various organic compounds
- flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, terpenes, stilbenes,
- Lignans, coumarins, and their prenylated derivatives
- 300+ different substances identified
- Composition of propolis depends on
- Geographical location,
- Botanical origin,
- Bee species involved
- Main chemical components in propolis
- Pinocembrin,
- Pinobanksin,
- Caffeic acid phenetyl ester,
- Artepillin C,
- Cinnamic acid,
- P-coumaric acid,
- Caffeic acid,
- Ferulic acid,
- Isoferulic acid,
- Chrysin,
- Galangin,
- Kaempferol,
- Quercetin
- www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2147/IJGM.S118967
Propolisina®
- Mixture of phytosome and propolis coground in a ratio 1:1 and administered during 72 hours of watchful waiting in children with initial signs of acute otits media and nonstreptococcal pharyngitis, to lessen the severity and length of symptomatology and possible evolution to tracheitis, bronchitis, and rhinosinusitis.
- www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2147/IJGM.S118967
- Propolis is a mixture (ratio 1:1) of propolis–phytosome
- Complexing propolis in aprotic solvent + food grade phosphatidylcholine + l-lysine cogrounded propolis
- Details are described in WO 2011/057686.
- Mixture, branded as Proposoma-lisclatrato®
- water-soluble oral-dissolving powder by Procemsa (Nichelino, Turin, Italy) as Propolisina® by Omeopiacenza (Pontenure, Italy)
- Propolis supplement contained 200 mg/sachet of Proposoma-lisclatrato® corresponding to 75 mg/sachet of pure propolis
- www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2147/IJGM.S118967
- Včely sbírají pryskyřice z pupenů a kůry stromů.
- Díky enzymům ve slinách včel a smícháním s voskem poté vzniká propolis.
- Tuhého, tmavého a lepkavého žlutohnědého propolisu bývá okolo 3 kilogramů v jednom úlu.
