MUDr. Dana Maňasková


Vyhledávání na medicinman.cz
 

potraviny/cesnek/prinos

Increasing fibrinolytic activity

  • Plasma fibrinolytic activity in animals decreased on cholesterol feeding
    • Considerably increased when this diet was supplemented with garlic (Mirhadi et al., 1993 ?) [1]
  • Garlic increased fibrinolytic activity in
    • Healthy individuals
    • Acute myocardial infarction patients (Bordia et al., 1998 ?) [1]
  • Pre-treatment with garlic significantly
    • Inhibited intracellular Ca2+ mobilization
    • Inhibited thromboxane-A2 (a potent platelet aggregator) synthesis
    • Protected against thrombocytopenia induced by collagen or arachidonate application in rabbits [1]
  • Garlic may be beneficial in the prevention of thrombosis
  • Inhibit platelet adhesion or aggregation in human investigations
  • Aged garlic extract inhibited the binding of ADP-activated platelets to immobilized fibrinogen
    • Inhibited platelet aggregation via inhibition of the GPIIb/IIIa receptor
    • Increase in cAMP (Allison et al., 2012 ?)
  • Garlic decreases
    • The risk of peripheral arterial occlusive diseases
    • Plasma viscosity
    • Unstable angina
  • Garlic increases
    • Elastic property of blood vessels and capillary perfusion (Sumiyoshi and wargovich, 1990 ?) [1]

Peripheral arterial occlusive disease

  • 78 patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease - garlic x placebo
    • 400 mg oral standardized garlic powder 2xd
    • 12 weeks of treatment
      • Pain-free walking distance increased similarly whether receiving garlic or placebo
      • no difference in the changes in blood pressure, heart rate, and pressure differences between the ankle and brachial pressures
      • More people taking garlic (28%) than placebo (12%) complained of a noticeable garlic smell (Jepson et al., 2000 ?)

Inhibition of platelet aggregation


Antibiotikum

  • Ancient Chinese and Indian medicine
    • Aid respiration and digestion
    • Treat leprosy
    • Parasitic infestation (Rivlrn, 1998 ?) [1]

Antioxidant effect


Diabetes

%%h3Animals
  • Clear hypoglycemic effect of garlic
  • Garlic can reduce blood glucose level in diabetic animals
  • Effective in reduction of blood glucose in streptozotocin- as well as alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus in rats and mice (Sheela et al., 1995 ?; Ohaeri, 2001 ?). [1]
  • Short term benefits of garlic on dyslipidemia in diabetic patients were shown (Ashraf et al., 2005 ?)
  • Significantly reduced serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol and moderately raised HDL cholesterol as compared with placebo in diabetic patients (Ashraf et al., 2005 ?) [1]
  • S-allyl cysteine
    • Bioactive component derived from garlic
    • Restored erectile function in diabetic rats
      • By preventing reactive oxygen species formation
        • Through modulation of NADPH oxidase subunit expression (Yang et al., 2013 ?) [1]
  • Effect of garlic on human blood glucose is still controversial [1]
  • Metformin and Garlic treatment in diabetic patients
    • For 12 weeks
    • Reduced fasting blood glucose (FBG)
  • Chronic feeding of garlic extracts
    • Significant decrease in blood glucose level
  • Beneficial effect of garlic on diabetes mellitus
    • Mainly attributed to the presence of volatile sulfur compounds such as:
        • Alliin
        • Allicin
        • Diallyl disulfide,
        • Diallyl trisulfide
        • Diallyl sulfide
        • S-allyl cysteine
        • Ajoene
        • Allyl mercaptan [1]
  • Garlic extracts
    • Effective in reducing insulin resistance (Padiya and Banerjee, 2013 ?) [1]

Enhancement of detoxification


Hepatoprotection


Lowering blood pressure

%h3 Animal experiments
  • Intravenous administration of garlic extracts
    • Slight reductions in both systolic and diastolic pressures (Sial and Ahmed, 1982 ) [1]
  • Oral ingestion of garlic extract
    • In hypertensive animals
      • Brought the blood pressure back to the normal level (Chandekar and Jain, 1973 ) [1]

Clinical studies

  • Garlic reduced blood pressure in more than 80% of patients suffering from high blood pressure (Auer et al., 1989 ?; Konig and Scineider, 1986 ?; Petkov, 1979 ?; Omar, 2013 ?; Stabler et al., 2012 ?)
  • Investigation on 47 hypertensive patients
    • Garlic significantly decreased the
      • Mean systolic blood pressure by 12 mmHg
      • Mean supine diastolic blood pressure by 9 mmHg versus placebo [1]
    • Garlic was free from side effects and no serious complication was reported (Auer 1990 ).
  • 200 mg of garlic powder 3xd in addition to hydrochlorothiazide-triamterene baseline therapy
    • Mean reduction of
      • Systolic blood pressure by 10-11 mmHg
      • Diastolic blood pressure by 6-8 mmHg versus placebo (Kandziora 1988 ) [1]
  • Due to its prostaglandin-like effects
    • Decrease peripheral vascular resistance (Rashid and Khan, 1985 )[1]
  • Aged garlic extract
    • Superior to placebo in lowering systolic blood pressure in patients suffering from uncontrolled hypertension
    • 240-960 mg of aged garlic extract
      • Containing 0.6-2.4 of S-allylcysteine
        • Significantly lowered blood pressure by about 12 mmHg over 12 weeks (Ried et al., 2013a ) [1]
Snižuje česnek homocystein podobně jako acetylcystein ? To by mohlo vysvětlovat vliv...

Prevention of atherosclerosis

  • Capacity to reduce lipid content in arterial membrane
  • Allicin, S-allyl cysteine
    • Presented in aged garlic extract [1]
  • Diallyldi-sulfide
    • Presented in garlic oil
  • Active compounds responsible for anti-atherosclerotic effect (Gebhardt and Beck, 1996 ?; Yu-Yah and Liu, 2001 ?) [1]

Reduction of cancer risk

  • Many in vitro and in vivo studies have suggested possible cancer-preventive effects of garlic preparations
  • Large number of potent bioactive compounds with anticancer properties
    • Allylsulfide derivatives [1]
  • Growth rate of cancer cells is reduced by garlic
    • Cell cycle blockade in the G2/M phase (Capasso, 2013 ?) [1]
  • Designer Food Program to determine which foods played an important role in cancer prevention (Dahanukar and Thatte, 1997 ?)
    • Garlic may be the most potent food having cancer preventive properties [1]
  • Variety of anti-tumor effects
    • Tumor cell growth inhibition
    • Chemopreventive effects [1]
  • Garlic and its constituents in both rodent and human studies
    • Inhibit the development of chemically induced tumors in the:
      • Liver (Kweon et al., 2003 ?)
      • Colon (Knowles and Milner, 2003 ?)
      • Prostate (Hsing et al., 2002 ?)
      • Bladder (Lau et al., 1986 ?)
      • Mammary gland (Amagase and Milner, 1993 ?)
      • Esophagus (Wargovich et al., 1988 ?)
      • Lung (Sparnins et al., 1986 ?)
      • Skin (Nishino et al., 1989 ?)
      • Stomach (Wattenberg et al., 1989 ?) [1]
  • Garlic components
    • Block covalent binding of carcinogens to DNA
    • Enhance degradation of carcinogens
    • Have anti-oxidative and free radical scavenging properties
    • Regulate cell proliferation
    • Apoptosis
    • Immune responses [1]
  • Garlic
    • Synergizes the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid
      • Breast cancer suppressor
    • Antagonizes the effect of linoleic acid
      • A breast cancer enhancer (Tsubura et al., 2011 ?) [1]
  • Reduction of the risk of some malignancies
    • By consumption of selenium-enriched plants
      • Such as garlic was suggested (Finley, 2003 ?)


Allicin

  • Inhibits proliferation of
    • Human mammary
    • Endometrial
    • Colon cancer cells
  • Growth inhibition is accompanied by an
    • Accumulation of the cells in WIG1 and G2lM phase of the cell cycle
  • Allicin is also responsible for the anti-proliferative effect of garlic derivatives
  • Diallyl sulfide and diallyl disulfide inhibit
    • Arylamine N-acetyltransferase activity
    • 2-aminofluorene-DNA in human promyelocytic leukemia cells (Lin et al., 2002 ?)

Diallyl trisulfide (DATS)

  • Organosulfur compound isolated from garlic
  • Anticancer activity both in in vitro and in vivo investigations
  • Cytotoxicity of DATS toward prostate epithelial cells reduced as opposed to PC-3 cancer cells (Borkowska, 2013 ?).
  • May include
    • Inhibition of carcinogen activation (Amagase and Milne, 1993 ?)
    • Enhancement of detoxification (Sumiyoshi and Wargovich, 1990 ?)
    • Excretion (Tadi et al., 1991a ?)
    • Protection of DNA from activated carcinogens (Tadi et al., 1991b ?) [1]
  • DATS reduced
    • Tumor mass and number of mitotic cells within tumors
    • Mitosis in tumors
    • Histone deacetylase activity [1]
  • Increased
    • Acetylation of H3 and H4
  • Inhibited
    • Cell cycle progression [1]
  • DATS decreased
    • Pro-tumor markers
      • Survivin
      • Bcl-2
      • C-Myc
      • MTOR
      • EGFR
      • VEGF (Wallace et al., 2013 ?) [1]
  • DATS inhibited cell growth of
    • Human melanoma A375 cells
    • Basal cell carcinoma cells
      • By enhancement of the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species and DNA damage
      • By inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis (Wang et al., 2012 ?) [1]


Ajoene

  • Garlic stable oil soluble sulfur rich compound
  • Garlic-derived natural compound
  • Induce apoptosis in
    • Leukemic cells in addition to the other blood cells of leukemic patients via
      • Stimulation of peroxide production
      • Activation of caspase-3-like activity
      • Activation of caspase-8 activity [1]
  • Anti-proliferative activity against a panel of human tumor cell lines (Li et al., 2002 ?) [1]




Reduction of serum cholesterol and triglyceride

Zvířata

  • Rats suffering from hypercholesterolemia induced by a high-cholesterol diet
    • Garlic administration significantly reduced
    • no effect on serum HDL (Kamanna and Chandrasekhara, 1982 ) [1]
  • Experimental atherosclerosis induced by a high cholesterol diet
  • Long term application of garlic and its preparations
    • 50% reduction in atheromatous lesions
      • Particularly in the aorta (Jain, 1977 ) [1]

In in vitro experiments

  • Garlic administration
    • Suppressed LDL oxidation
    • Increased HDL [1]

Human studies

  • Significant decrease in serum cholesterol and triglyceride (Gardner et al., 2001 ; Ziaei et al., 2001 ) [1]
  • A meta-analysis including 39 primary trials of the effect of 2 months administration of garlic preparations (Ried et al., 2013b ) [1]
    • Garlic is effective in in subjects with elevated total cholesterol levels (>200 mg/dL) in reduction of:
    • An 8% reduction in total serum cholesterol is of clinical relevance
      • Associated with a 38% reduction in risk of coronary events at 50 years of age [1]
    • High-density lipoprotein cholesterol
      • Levels improved only slightly
    • triglycerides
      • Were not influenced significantly
    • Garlic
      • Should be considered as an alternative option
      • Higher safety profile than conventional cholesterol-lowering medications in patients with slightly elevated cholesterol (Ried et al., 2013b ) [1]
  • Few studies using garlic powder
    • Low allicin yields
    • Failed to show any lipid lowering effects (Lutomski, 1984 ?; Luley et al., 1986 ?)
    • Different people might have different responses to garlic (Zeng et al., 2013) [1]

Reduction of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases


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Poslední aktualizace: 6. 11. 2018 0:39:40