Složení kokosového oleje

Caprylic acid

• Cross the BBB
• Anti-convulsant
• Neuroprotective effect in rat study [9]

Ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid)

• Potent antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities
• Strong anti-Ab aggregation properties
• Chronic administration of ferulic acid in APP/PSI AD-model transgenic mice can reduce
• Cortical levels of Ab1-40 and Ab1-42
• IL-1b levels [9]
• Inhibit Ab deposition in the brain
• Another study has found that ferulic acid could not prevent the formation of Ab fibrils
• But could reduce the length of the fibrils
• May be able to interrupt the elongation process [9]
• By binding to the Ab fibrils [9]
• Mouse studies long-term administration of ferulic acids
• Could suppress
• The increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein
• IL-1b immunoreactivity in the hippocampus that is induced by Ab 1–42 treatment [9]

Lauric Acid - LA

• Alleviates Neuroinflammatory Responses by Activated Microglia: Involvement of the GPR40-Dependent Pathway.
• In several neurodegenerative diseases
• Alzheimer's disease (AD)
• Microglia are hyperactivated release
• nitric oxide (NO)
• Proinflammatory cytokines
• Resulting its neuropathology
• Lauric acid (LA) on microglia activated experimentally by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
• Using primary cultured rat microglia and the mouse microglial cell line, BV-2
• LA attenuated
• LPS-stimulated NO production
• Expression of inducible NO synthase protein
• Without affecting cell viability [10]
• LA suppressed
• LPS-induced reactive oxygen species
• Proinflammatory cytokine production
• Phosphorylation of p38-mitogen activated protein kinase
• C-Jun N-terminal kinase [10]

• LA-induced suppression of
• NO production
• Partially but significantly reversed in the presence of GW1100
• Antagonist of G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 40 = LA receptor on the plasma membrane [10]
• LA decreased LPS-induced phagocytosis
• Completely reversed by co-treatment with GW1100 [10]
• LA alleviated amyloid-ß-induced enhancement of phagocytosis
• Attenuation of microglial activation by LA
• May occur via the GPR40-dependent pathway
• May reduce glial activation and the subsequent neuronal damage in AD patients who consume CNO [10]

VCO and human breast milk

• Have more saturated fats than mono- or poly-unsaturated fats
• In both cases, the main fat is lauric acid
• VCO containing the most, at about 50 % [9]

Mastní kyseliny

• Composed of the fatty acids
• Caprylic acid C -8:0 (8%)
• Capric acid, C-10:0,(7%)
• Lauric acid C-12:0, (49%)
• Myristic acid C-14:0(8%)
• Palmitic acid C-16:0 (8%)
• Stearic acid C-18:0 (2%)
• Oleic acid C-18:1 (6%)
• Linoleic acid of C-18:2 (2%) [4]

• Coconut oil is principally composed of SFA (about 92 %)
• 62–70 % being medium-chain TAG (MCT) [9]

p-Coumaric acid

• High antioxidant capacity
• Maltolyl p-coumarate
• Attenuate cognitive deficits in rat models
• Cause a reduction in apoptotic cell death in the hippocampus of Ab1–42-infused rats [9]
• Coconut oil contains many antioxidants with the potential to reduce the development of AD pathology [9]

Coconut oil polyphenols

• Major phenolic acids found in coconut oil
• P-Coumaric acid
• Ferulic acid
• Caffeic acid
• Catechin acid [9]

Liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (LC/MS) analysis of VCOP

• Documented the presence of
• Gallic acid,
• Ferulic acid (FA),
• Quercetin,
• Methyl catechin,
• Dihydrokaempferol
• Myricetin glycoside [26]

• Coconut oil
• Made up of about 90% saturated fats
• 9% unsaturated fats [4]

• Saturated fats in it differ from saturated fats in animal fats
• Over 50% of the fats in coconut oil are medium chain fatty acids
• Lauric acid (12:0)
• Coconut oil is the highest natural source of lauric acid
• Lauric acid and its derivative monolaurin constitute around 50% of coconut fat-derived lipid. !!! [4]

• Medium chain free fatty acids and monoglycerides
• Absorbed intact from the small intestine
• Do not undergo degradation and re-esterification processes
• Directly used in the body to produce energy
• Widely used in infant formulas, nutritional drinks for athletes and intravenous lipid infusions [4]

• Rich in medium chain saturated fatty acids (lauric acid)
• Directly absorbed from the intestine
• Straight to the liver to be rapidly used for energy production
• MCFAs do not participate in the biosynthesis and transport of cholesterol [4]

• MCFA are unique - chain length of 6-12 carbons
• Can be converted to ketones
• Important alternative energy source in the brain
• May be beneficial to people developing or already with memory impairment, as in Alzheimer's disease (AD) [9]
• Cytokinins found in coconut
• May assist in preventing the aggregation of amyloid-ß peptide
• Potentially inhibiting a key step in the pathogenesis of AD [9]

• A few clinical trials and animal studies using a formulation of MCT have reported significant improvement of cognition in AD patients.
• MCT can be rapidly metabolised to induce metabolic ketosis and ketogenesis
• Could be employed as a therapy for a variety of brain disorders, including
• Epilepsy
• Neurodegeneration [9]