Adipokiny
Adipokiny
- Chronic, low-grade inflammation
- Altered adipokine secretion
- May alter glucose and lipid metabolism [13]
- Preadipocytes are reported to be able to act like macrophages
- Inflammation-related adipokines include
- Cytokines
- Chemokines
- Acute phase proteins [50]
- Adipocyte size and adipose tissue distribution
- Key determinants of inflammatory cytokine secretion [13]
Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP)
Adipokiny
- Chronic, low-grade inflammation
- Altered adipokine secretion
- May alter glucose and lipid metabolism [13]
- Preadipocytes are reported to be able to act like macrophages
- Inflammation-related adipokines include
- Cytokines
- Chemokines
- Acute phase proteins [50]
- Adipocyte size and adipose tissue distribution
- Key determinants of inflammatory cytokine secretion [13]
Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP)
Adiponectin
- Adipocyte-derived adipokine
- With insulin-sensitizing
- Anti-inflammatory properties
- Inversely associated with visceral obesity
- Secretion by omental adipocytes is markedly reduced in viscerally obese women
- Contributor to hypoadiponectinemia in abdominally obese women
- Low adiponectinemia
- Predicts an increased risk of type 2 diabetes [13]
- Most abundant protein secreted by white adipose tissue [74]
- Found in the cerebro spinal fluid
- Receptors are present in neurons of the hypothalamus
- Control food intake
- Energy expenditure [74]
- Injected icv
- Increases energy expenditure
- Reduces food intake [74]
Zvýšení hladin adiponektinu
- Consumption of long-chain n-3 PUFA
- Tiazolindiony
- Weight loss
- Chronic exercise
- Independent of weight loss
- Variable
- Less convincing [14]
- Favorable effects on adiponectin include
- Activation of
- PPAR?
- AMPK
- Regulation of posttranslational modifications
- Changes in adipose tissue morphology
- Changes in macrophage infiltration [44]
Adipsin
- Protein of the alternative complement system
Angiotensinogen
Apelin
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4)
Extracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase
Fatty acid binding protein 4
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21)
Haptoglobin
Chemerin
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein
IL-1beta
Interleukin-6
- Can alter
- Lipolysis
- Insulin sensitivity
- Fibrinolysis [13]
- Release is proportional to the amount of fat
- Anorectic effect [74]
Elevated concentrations
- May reflect a more dysfunctional adipose tissue
- Increased macrophage infiltration
- Production of inflammatory cytokines
- Associated with increased isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis
- Especially in omental adipocytes
- Independent of adiposity and fat cell size [13]
- CD68+ cell percentage in both omental and subcutaneous fat [13]
IL-8
IL-10
Leptin
- Adipokine mostly derived from the adipocyte
- Leptin stimulates the sympathetic activity in several organs
- Kidneys
- Brown adipose tissue [50]
- Regulation of energy intake and energy expenditure
- Concentrations are proportional to body fat mass
- Leptin expression and secretion
- Higher in subcutaneous than in visceral adipocytes
- Subcutaneous adipocyte size
- Positively correlated with plasma leptin levels
- Independent of adiposity [13]
- Receptor (ob-Rb) is highly expressed in specific sites within the CNS [74]
- Administration of leptin in different animal-models of obesity as well as in humans
- Reduced
- Food intake
- Body weight [74]
- Plasma leptin concentration increases while body fat rises
- Fasting and leanness lead to decreased leptin secretion [74]
Hyperleptinemia in obese subjects
- Likely due to a combination of
- Increased subcutaneous fat accumulation through hypertrophy
- Higher secretion rates [13]
- Appears to be related to total adiposity rather than to visceral adiposity/ectopic fat [13]
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)
Nerve growth factor (NGF)
Nesfatin-1
- Nesfatin (NEFA/nucleobinding 2-encoded satiety-and fat-influencing protein
- Strong anorectic effect
- Acting centrally
- Mainly interacts with the melanocortin system
- Synthetized by different tissues
- Also present in the CNS
- Mainly synthesized by visceral fat [74]
Neuroregulin-4
Omentin
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)
Resistin
Retinol binding protein-4 (RBP-4)
Serum amyloid-A
Transforming growth factor-beta
Tumor necrosis factor-alfa
- Release is proportional to the amount of fat
- Anorectic effect [74]
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)]
- [50]
Vaspin
Visfatin
- Orexigenic effect
- Positive correlation between plasma visfatin level and
- Body fat mas
- Body weight in human [74]
Adiponectin
- Enhance FA beta-oxidation via
- Activation of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK)
- Phosphorylation of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) [1]
- Adipocyte-derived adipokine
- With insulin-sensitizing
- Anti-inflammatory properties
- Inversely associated with visceral obesity
- Secretion by omental adipocytes is markedly reduced in viscerally obese women
- Contributor to hypoadiponectinemia in abdominally obese women
- Low adiponectinemia
- Predicts an increased risk of type 2 diabetes [13]
- Most abundant protein secreted by white adipose tissue [74]
- Found in the cerebro spinal fluid
- Receptors are present in neurons of the hypothalamus
- Control food intake
- Energy expenditure [74]
- Injected icv
- Increases energy expenditure
- Reduces food intake [74]
Zvýšení hladin adiponektinu
- Consumption of long-chain n-3 PUFA
- Tiazolindiony
- Weight loss
- Chronic exercise
- Independent of weight loss
- Variable
- Less convincing [14]
- Favorable effects on adiponectin include
- Activation of
- PPAR?
- AMPK
- Regulation of posttranslational modifications
- Changes in adipose tissue morphology
- Changes in macrophage infiltration [44]
Adipsin
- Protein of the alternative complement system
- Complement-related factor
Angiotensinogen
Apelin
Chemerin
Cholesterol
- Not synthesized by WAT, but rather are taken up and stored [78]
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4)
Extracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase
FABP
- Cytosolic fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs)
- Central regulators of whole-body metabolic control.
- Dysregulated FABPs
- Associated with a number of diseases, including
- Obesity
- Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (FABP1, FABP2, FABP4)
- Cardiovascular risk (FABP3)
- Cancer (FABP5, FABP7) [24]
- FABPs may represent novel biomarkers for therapeutic targets
- FABP3
- May act as a myokine
- Matching whole-body metabolism to muscular energy demands [24]
- FABP4
- Functions as an adipokine
- Regulating macrophage and adipocyte interactions during inflammation [24]
Fatty acid binding protein 4
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21)
Haptoglobin
IL-1beta
IL-10
Interleukin-6
- Can alter
- Lipolysis
- Insulin sensitivity
- Fibrinolysis [13]
- Release is proportional to the amount of fat
- Anorectic effect [74]
Elevated concentrations
- May reflect a more dysfunctional adipose tissue
- Increased macrophage infiltration
- Production of inflammatory cytokines
- Associated with increased isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis
- Especially in omental adipocytes
- Independent of adiposity and fat cell size [13]
- CD68+ cell percentage in both omental and subcutaneous fat [13]
IL-8
Leptin
- Adipokine mostly derived from the adipocyte
- Discovered in 1994
- Search for the Ob gene
- Mutation responsible for the obesity of the ob/ob mouse
- 16,000 MW cytokine-like protein
- Interacting with several hypothalamic orexigenic and anorexigenic pathways
Regulates
- Energy intake and energy expenditure
- Overfeeding studies on normal and ob/ob mice
- Lean mice fed a “cafeteria diet” overate by ~70% in energy terms with no additional energy deposition
- Rate of energy deposition of the obese was 3 times that of the lean
- Ob/ob mutants lacking functional leptin had a greatly reduced capacity for diet-induced thermogenesis [50]
Leptin stimulates
- The sympathetic activity in several organs
- Kidneys
- Brown adipose tissue [50]
- Key anorexigenic systems
- Pro-opiomelanocortin/melanocortin
- Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript
- Corticotrophin-releasing hormone [78]
Receptor (ob-Rb)
- Highly expressed in specific sites within the CNS [74]
Leptin inhibuje
- Administration of leptin in different animal-models of obesity as well as in humans
- Reduced
- Food intake
- Body weight [74]
- Plasma leptin concentration increases while body fat rises
- Fasting and leanness lead to decreased leptin secretion [74]
- Neuropeptide Y
- Melanin-concentrating hormone
- Orexin A
- Agouti-related peptide
- Cannabinoid systems [78]
Zývšená leptinová exprese and secretion
- In subcutaneous than in visceral adipocytes
- Subcutaneous adipocyte size
- Positively correlated with plasma leptin levels
- Independent of adiposity [13]
- Concentrations are proportional to body fat mass
Leptinová rezistence
- Hyperleptinemia in obese subjects
- Likely due to a combination of
- Increased subcutaneous fat accumulation through hypertrophy
- Higher secretion rates [13]
- Appears to be related to total adiposity rather than to visceral adiposity/ectopic fat [13]
Lipoprotein lipase
- Released from adipocytes for the breakdown of circulating triacylglycerols to fatty acids
- Subsequently stored within fat cells [78]
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)
MMPs
Nerve growth factor (NGF)
Nesfatin-1
- Nesfatin (NEFA/nucleobinding 2-encoded satiety-and fat-influencing protein
- Strong anorectic effect
- Acting centrally
- Mainly interacts with the melanocortin system
- Synthetized by different tissues
- Also present in the CNS
- Mainly synthesized by visceral fat [74]
Neuroregulin-4
Omentin
PAI-1
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)
- May also mediate the increase of the pro-inflammatory cytokines in obese states [38]
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)
Resistin
Retinol binding protein-4 (RBP-4)
Retinol
- Not synthesized by WAT, but rather are taken up and stored [78]
Serum amyloid-A
Steroid hormones
- Steroid hormone conversions
- Activation of 11-dehydrocorticosterone to corticosterone
- By 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 [78]
TNF-alfa
Transforming growth factor-beta
Tumor necrosis factor-alfa
- Release is proportional to the amount of fat
- Anorectic effect [74]
- Expression increases in obesity
- Important role in the induction of insulin resistance
- Extensive metabolic effects in adipose tissue
- Including the stimulation of lipolysis and apoptosis [78]
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)]
- [50]
Vaspin
Visfatin
- Orexigenic effect
- Positive correlation between plasma visfatin level and
- Body fat mas
- Body weight in human [74]