Lékořice

Dávkování

• Dosage: for oral administration for traditional uses as recommended in older and contemporary standard herbal literature:
• Powdered or comminuted root:
• 1-5 g as an infusion or a decoction three times a day
• 4.5 g of finely comminuted herbal substance for 150 ml of boiling water in case of gastrointestinal disturbances
• 1.5 g in 150 ml for bronchitis or cough
• 2 to 3 times daily
• Infusion time: minutes (DAC 2009)
• Decoction
• The same proportion of the herbal substance and cold water
• Bring it to the boil, allow it to steep for minutes and then strain (PDR 2004)
• Drink one cup of tea after meals
• Not to be used for children below 4 years

• An expectorant: 1.5 g 2 g up to 2 times daily;

• In chronic gastric ulcer disease: 4 g 7 g daily divided in 2 4 doses

• Gastric ulcers or for cough and catarrhs of the upper respiratory tract is the following: 3-15 g root daily/l, divided in 2-3 cups a day.

• Recommended dosage in the last version of the Czech Pharmacopoeia (2009)
• Single dose 1.5 g
• Daily dose 5 20 corresponding to mg of glycyrrhizic acid (duration of use 4 6 weeks)
• Average daily dose of crude plant material, 5 15 g, corresponding to mg of glycyrrhizic acid.
• Expectorant: 1.5 g of comminuted herbal substance as a herbal infusion in 150 ml of boiling water or as a decoction 2 times daily
• Digestive symptoms, including burning sensation and dyspepsia: g of comminuted herbal substance as a herbal infusion in 150 ml of boiling water or as a decoction 2 to 4 times daily
• Glycyrrhizae radix should not be used for longer than 4 6 weeks without medical advice (WHO)

• Liquiritiae radix soft extract (DER 1: , extraction solvent water) to support gastric function:
• 32 mg 2-3 times daily for oral use.
• Not more than 160 mg (32 mg 5 times) daily (German posology).

• Liquiritiae radix soft extract (DER 3:1, extraction solvent water) as an expectorant: g 3-4 times daily for oral use (Danish posology).

• Liquiritiae radix dry extract (DER 3-4:1, extraction solvent water) as an expectorant in combination with other expectorants: 120 mg up to 5 times daily (German posology).

Historie

• Liquorice root has been used since prehistoric times.

Between the end of the XV and the beginning of the XVI century, botany as a science was born, and liquorice was categorized according to taxonomic classifications. The first attempt to create a botanical nomenclature came from the German botanist Leonhard Fuchs ( ) who, accurately describes and characterises the plant. Works of eminent Arabic scientists like Al Razi, continued to be translated into Latin. In the XVIII century, the Neapolitan chemist and philosopher Giuseppe Donzelli described liquorice, referring to it by its modern name. The

• Swedish naturalist Carl von Linne ( ) proceeded to subdivide plants into genus and species and identified three different species of Glycyrrhiza: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Glycyrrhiza echinata and Glycyrrhiza hirsuta (Fiore et al. 2005). [122]

Lékořicový kořen - glycyrhizin

• Max. 4-6 týdnů jinak pak otoky a vyšší TK
• Expekt. a diuretikum, laxans, korrigns chuti,
• Zahuštěná lékořicová šťáva

Lékočice kořen

• Triterpenické saponiny
• Glicirhizin - sladká chuť
• Snižuje viskozitu hlenu,
• Uvolňuje hladkou svalovinu ,
• Gastroprotektivni
• Protizánětlivé

Čaj

• 2-4g do 150 ml vody 1-3x denně
• Odstát 10-15 min.
• 5-15g /den
• Do měsíce v kuse ok
• U hypertoniků max. do 14 dní

Dlouhodobé úžívání mineralokortikoidní efekt:

• Snižovat drasík, zvyšuje sodík ev. TK a otoky DK
• Ne u těhotných - saponiny mají estrogenní a stroidní efekty
• Mohou ve vyšší dávce i stimulovat dělohu

Historical data on medicinal use

• Information on period of medicinal use in the Community The earliest evidence of the use of liquorice comes from the ancient tombs of Egyptian pharaohs, including the 3000-year old tomb of King Tut. References to liquorice have also been made on Assyrian tablets dating back to the second or third millennia B.C.
• In the ancient Greece and Rome, liquorice was commonly used as a tonic and cold remedy. Theophrastus suggested liquorice as a remedy to combat infertility, to heal wounds and ulcerations of the mouth, and to treat malaises of the throat.
• In the first century B.C., Pliny the Elder alleged that liquorice clears the voice and postpones hunger and thirst, and consequently used it for dropsy. As reported by Lucas in Nature s Medicines, the ancient Hindus believed that liquorice, administrated as concoction with milk and sugar, increased sexual vigour.
• The ancient Chinese thought that liquorice root gave them strength and endurance, and they prepared it most often in tea for its tonic, expectorant, rejuvenating, aperient and nutritive properties.
• During the Middle Ages, Arabic medical scientists like Ibn Sinna (Avicenna, ) wrote about liquorice in his Canone. The knowledge of phytotherapy passed around XI century A.D. onwards in monasteries. Numerous medical uses of liquorice are documented by the English physician Nicholas Culpeper ( ) in his work the Complete Herbal (1653).
• At the beginning of the Industrial Age, liquorice can be found again in the formulation teriaca, in the Pharmaceutical Code established by the Republic of Venice (1790) (Fiore et al. 2005). In the XIX century, the American Samuel Stearns and John Monroe asserted that the liquorice root serves as an emollient, demulcent, attenuant, expectorant, detergent and diuretic.
• The root abates thirst in dropsies, helps defluctions of the breast, softens acrimonious humours, temperates salt, allays the heat of the blood, promotes urine, and thickens the sanguinary fluid, when too thin. Moreover, the root is good for pleurisy, gravel, dysury and intense pain.
• In India, liquorice is believed to ease thirst, as an antitussive and demulcent, and it serves as a treatment for influenza, uterine complaints, and biliousness. The Chinese and their Far Eastern neighbours have traditionally used liquorice most extensively. It is used in many Chinese formulas as a guide herb to enhance the effectiveness of the other ingredients, reduce toxicity and improve the taste and flavour.
• Liquorice continues to serve as a flavouring agent, sweetening the bitter taste of many drugs, as a filler for pills, as an essential ingredient in ointments for treating skin diseases and for prolonging the effects of strong tonic medicines, Addison s disease, and to potentiate glucocorticoid action.
• In 1949, Costello and Lynn extracted estrogenic constituents from Glycyrrhiza glabra. They suggested that the plant could be used for medicinal purposes in treating hormone imbalances associated with menstruation; however the glycoside of 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid has also been shown to possess antiestrogenic activity (Davis & Morris 1991).
• Beginning in the late 1940s and extending well into the 1950s, there was a growing interest in the metabolic activity of 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid as treatment of adrenal and electrolyte disorders.
• Liquiritiae radix has been a subject of the Czechoslovak Pharmacopoeia since 1947, and it is used in several combination products that are still on the Czech market.
• Liquorice extracts have been commonly used in many European countries to relieve gastric and duodenal ulcers. Carbenexolone sodium, an anti-peptic ulcer drug, which is a succinate derivative of 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid, has been extensively employed for the purpose of alleviating ulcers. EMA/HMPC/571122/2010 Page 8/40

• 9 Studies conducted in 1950 by Molhuysen et al. reported side-effects of liquorice, which include water retention of sodium and chloride, and excretion of potassium. They also concluded that liquorice extracts exhibit effects similar to injections of deoxycorticosterone, but the effects are more persistent, even after the drug has been discontinued, until a salt-free diet is given.
• However, they did not observe a positive, but rather a slight negative response to liquorice extract in a patient suffering from Addison s disease who did not respond to ACTH.
• In 1953, Card et al., examined the effects of liquorice on normal subjects, as well as on patients who suffered from Addison s disease. They concluded that liquorice appeared to have positive results in reversing the effects of Addison s disease. In 1957 (Kumagai et al.) reported that glycyrrhizin has favourable effects on rheumatoid arthritis, when administered along ACTH or cortisone, but a little effect if administered alone. The results of these and other investigations suggested that the main effect of liquorice is to potentiate rather than mimic endogenous steroids (Isbrucker & Burdock 2006). In Germany, at least since 1976, a Liquiritiae radix soft extract (DER 1: , extraction solvent water) is on the market as a traditional medicinal product, orally used to support gastric function. Several combination products, mainly with Hederae helicis folium and Thymi herba, are on the market in form of herbal teas according to the German Standard Marketing Authorisation procedure. Other traditional medicinal products containing Liquiritiae radix dry extract (DER 3-4:1, extraction solvent water) in combination with Althaeae radix, Primulae radix, Thymi aetheroleum or with expectorant or anti-acid salts are on the German market. In Denmark Liquiritiae radix preparations have a long history of use. Several medicinal products containing Liquiritiae radix preparations have been on the market, and also two herbal medicinal products containing Liquorice soft extract (DER 3:1, extraction solvent water) are authorised for more than 70 years, for their expectorant properties. In Spain a herbal tea, as an infusion, decoction or a macerate, is authorised for more than 30 years (before 1973), in both traditional indications: as an adjuvant in gastric ulcers and as an expectorant in cough and catarrhs of the upper respiratory tract.
• Since 1992, a herbal tea is authorised in Poland as an adjuvant in chronic gastric ulcer disease and as an expectorant in bronchial catarrh with cough and adjuvant in bronchi inflammations.
• In many European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Austria, Norway, Netherland, etc.), Glycyrrhiza glabra, radix is used as an excipient, both in herbal teas and as an extract in other medicinal products. Various combination products containing Liquiritiae radix are on the European market with different indications, depending on the combination partners (used as an expectorant or in gastritis, etc). In France, two combinations are on the market: a Glycyrrhiza extract (type of extract not specified), in combination with levomenthol, used to relieve throat irritations, and a herbal tea containing liquiritiae radix and Melissa, traditionally used to promote digestion Information on traditional/current indications and specified substances/preparations Industrial uses Although glycyrrhizin is considered much sweeter than sucrose, the associated liquorice flavour limits its commercial value as a sweetener. Because glycyrrhizin also gives an undesirable brownish colour to foods, and the sweetness is lost in acidic solutions, as occurs in most beverages, glycyrrhizin remains of little value to the food and beverage industries. Primary use for liquorice products and glycyrrhizin is EMA/HMPC/571122/2010 Page 9/40

10 limited to flavouring tobacco and candy (Isbrucker & Burdock 2006). Liquorice paste is the preferred form for flavouring tobacco, whereas liquorice powder is preferred for confectionery and pharmaceuticals (Isbrucker & Burdock 2006). Some minor consumer use for liquorice root extract and glycyrrhizin has been in beer and ales, where they provide good surfactant (foaming) properties and take the edge off these potentially bitter-tasting beverages. Similarly, liquorice root extract and glycyrrhizin may be used to alleviate the bitter after taste in some saccharinated products and pharmaceutical preparations. Glycyrrhizin may be also used as a flavour enhancer for cocoa. Industrial uses for glycyrrhizin include an adhesive agent in insecticides and a wetting agent (surfactant).

• The residues of liquorice root after extraction serve in fire-extinguishing agents, to insulate fiberboard, compost for growing mushrooms and as feed for cattle, horses and chickens (Armanini et al. 2005; Isbrucker & Burdock 2006).
• Medicinal uses Liquorice presents demulcent and expectorant properties for dissolving and facilitating the discharge of mucus in catarrhs and for upper respiratory tract diseases and is currently employed in cough preparations.
• Ulcer-healing properties, anti-inflammatory and mild laxative activities have been documented.
• It shows mineralocorticoid properties due to the presence of glycyrrhizin and its metabolite 18betaglycyrrhetinic acid, which is an inhibitor of cortisol metabolism (Armanini et al. 2002).
• Recently Armanini et al. suggest the mineralocorticoid properties of liquorice, agonist of mineralocorticoid receptors and mild inhibitor of androgen synthesis, can reduce the prevalence of side effects related to the diuretic activity of spironolactone in patients with PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome) (Armanini et al. 2007).
• The use of deglycyrrhized liquorice extract preparations in apthous, stomatitis (oral ulcers) is also reported (Blumenthal 2003). Useful applications have been described in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (Saeedi et al. 2003).
• According to the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Glycyrrhiza glabra has anti-inflammatory and expectorant activities (BHP 1990). In Germany, Liquiritiae radix soft extract (DER 1: , extraction solvent water) is on the market as an oral liquid to support gastric function, based on traditional use.
• Liquiritiae radix dry extract (DER 3-4:1, extraction solvent water) in combination with Althaeae radix, Primulae radix and Thymi aetheroleum is traditionally used in Germany to support the fluidification of mucous of the airways;
• In combination with ammonium chloride it is traditionally used as an expectorant of the airways.
• Liquiritiae radix dry extract (DER 4-6:1, extraction solvent water) in combination with magnesium hydroxide and magnesium carbonate basic is traditionally used in Germany as a mild medication for gastric complaints due to increased acidity.
• Medicinal products containing liquorice juice and liquorice extract with different DER were on the German market with indications related to the expectorant activity and/or to the gastric function, but the 30 years criterion for the traditional use is not sufficiently documented.
• In Denmark, two oral liquids containing Liquorice soft extract (DER 3:1, extraction solvent water) are authorised for more than 70 years as expectorants for use in cough in shorter periods.
• One product contains 98.5 mg/ml soft extract corresponding to 4.64 mg glycyrrhizic acid. The other contains 80.9 mg/ml soft extract corresponding to 3.92 mg glycyrrhizic acid. The herbal substance used for the EMA/HMPC/571122/2010 Page 10/40

11 preparation is the unpeeled liquorice root of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and/or Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat. and/or. In summary, Glycyrrhiza glabra has been traditionally used in herbal medicine as an expectorant helping to relieve complaints, such as catarrhs, coughs and bronchitis (ESCOP 2003), to support gastric function (dyspepsia), and inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, such as gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers in adults (ESCOP 2003) Specified strength/posology/route of administration/duration of use for relevant preparations and indications

Produkty a registrace

6 1.2. Information about products on the market in the Member States Regulatory status overview Member State Regulatory Status Comments Austria MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: None as a single preparation. Several combination products. Belgium MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: Only in multi-component teas (> 6 herbal substances each). Bulgaria MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: No authorised/registered HMPs/THMPs. Cyprus MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: No authorised/registered HMPs/THMPs. Czech Republic MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: None as a single preparation. Several combination products. Denmark MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: For 70 years. Estonia MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: Only combination products with more than 5 substances. Finland MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: No authorised/registered HMPs/THMPs. France MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: 2 combination products. Germany MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: Soft extract (1: ), extraction solvent: water. Greece MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: No authorised or registered HMPs/THMPs. Hungary MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: Only combination products. Iceland MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: Ireland MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: Italy MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: No authorised or registered HMPs/THMPs as a single preparation. Latvia MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: Only combination with more than 5 substances. Liechtenstein MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: EMA/HMPC/571122/2010 Page 6/40
7 Member State Regulatory Status Comments Lithuania MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: Luxemburg MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: Malta MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: The Netherlands MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: Food supplements No authorised/registered HMPs/THMPs. Norway MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: Poland MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: Portugal MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: No authorised/registered HMPs/THMPs Only as an excipient. Romania MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: Slovak Republic MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: Only combination with more than 5 substances. Slovenia MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: No authorised or registered HMPs/THMPs. Spain MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: Comminuted herbal substance Also combination products. Sweden MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: Only as an excipient. United Kingdom MA TRAD Other TRAD Other Specify: MA: Marketing Authorisation TRAD: Traditional Use Registration Other TRAD: Other national Traditional systems of registration Other: If known, it should be specified or otherwise add Not Known This regulatory overview is not legally binding and does not necessarily reflect the legal status of the products in the MSs concerned Search and assessment methodology This assessment report reviews the scientific literature data available for Glycyrrhiza glabra, and from the WHO monograph, European Pharmacopoeia monograph, British Pharmacopoeia monograph, ESCOP monograph, PubMed, EMA library and the internet, as well as available information on products marketed in the European Community, including pharmaceutical forms, indications, posology and methods of administration. The keywords Glycyrrhiza glabra, licorice, liquorice, in all text fields were used. Only clinical studies with Glycyrrhiza glabra extracts were included in the assessment report. Clinical studies carried out with single active principles present in Glycyrrhiza glabra were not considered. EMA/HMPC/571122/2010 Page 7/40 [122]

Složení

• Sweet-tasting compound called anethole (“trans”-1-methoxy-4-(prop-1-enyl)benzene)
• Glycyrrhizic acid - significantly sweeter than sugar
• Kořen [91]
• flavonoids and their glycosides, coumarin, and cinnamic acid derivatives
• From the Indian species, Glucosides, Liquiritin, and Isoliquiritin have also been isolated.
• Triterpine, Saponins, particularly Glycyrrhizinic acid have shown antiviral activity
• Polysaccharide fractions obtained from Glycyrrhiza glabra stimulate macrophages [91]
• Elevate and assist immune stimulation

Liquorice root

Glycyrrhiza glabra or Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat. and/or Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.

• Dried unpeeled or peeled
• Whole or cut root and stolons
• 4.0 per cent of 18 beta-glycyrrhizic acid (C 42 H 62 O 16, Mr 823)
• Reference to the dried drug (European Pharmacopoeia 2010)

• Saponins Liquorice root contains
• Triterpenoid saponins (4 20%),
• Mostly glycyrrhizin,
• A mixture of potassium and calcium salts of 18beta-glycyrrhizic acid (also known as glycyrrhizic or glycyrrhizinic acid and a glycoside of glycyrrhetinic acid),
• Which is 50 times sweeter than sugar
• Other triterpenes present are
• Liquiritic acid,
• Glycyrretol,
• Glabrolide,
• Isoglaborlide
• Liquorice acid (Isbrucker & Burdock 2006)

• 18beta-glycyrrhizic acid (3-O-(2-O-beta-d-glucopyranuronosyl alpha-d-glucopyranurosyl)-3-beta-hydroxy-11-oxo- 18beta, 20beta-olean-12-en-29-oic acid)
• Was isolated for the first from the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra by Ronbiquet (1809) who called it glycyrrhizin.
• The name of glycyrrhizic acid was given later by Roussin (1876) (Benigni et al. 1964)
• Monodesmoside on hydrolysis releases
• Two molecules of D- glucuronic acid
• Aglycone 18beta-glycyrrhetic (glycyrrhetinic) acid (enoxolone) (WHO 1999)
• Glycyrrhizin has been more strictly maintained for the potassium, calcium and magnesium salts, EMA/HMPC/571122/2010 Page 3/40 :122::

• Ammonium salt - in the common commercial preparations (Benigni et al. 1964)

• Is the major bioactive compound in the underground parts of Glycyrrhiza (liquorice) plants
• Wide range of pharmacological properties
• Natural sweetener
• Biosynthesis of glycyrrhizin has received considerable attention
• Most likely derived from the triterpene beta-amyrin
• Initial product of the cyclisation of 2,3 oxidosqualene. The subsequent steps in glycyrrhizin biosynthesis are believed to involve a series of oxidative reactions at the C-11 and C-30 positions, followed by glycosyl transfers to the C-3 hydroxyl group (Seki et al. 2008). 18beta-glycyrrhizic acid or glycyrrhizinic acid glycyrrhizin = potassium, calcium, magnesium or ammonium salts aglycone = 18beta-glycyrrhetic acid or 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid Glycyrrhizin and its aglycone, 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid (also known as 18beta-glycyrrhetic acid or glycyrretic acid or glycyrrhetinic acid), have interesting therapeutic properties. Therapeutic potential of glycyrrhizin is mainly ascribed to the action of the steroid-like structure aglycone (18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid) having immunomodulatory properties.

• Traces of the alpha-form of glycyrrhetinic acid are also present in liquorice roots but have no pharmacological activity (Claude et al. 2008).
• Glycyrrhizin is present in the root as potassium and calcium salts, at percentages of between 2 and 15% (w/w), depending on plant species, geographic and climatic conditions, and consists of an aglycone (a pentacyclic triterpenic structure) bound to two glucuronic acid molecules (Sabbioni et al. 2005).
• Flavonoids More than 300 flavonoids have been isolated from Glycyrrhiza species.
• These flavonoids belong to various types, including flavanones or flavanonols, chalcones, isoflavans, isoflavenes, flavones or flavonols, isoflavones and isoflavanones.
• Amongst them, flavanones and chalcones are the main types (Zhang & Ye 2009).
• Flavonoids are responsible for the yellow colour of liquorice.
• They include liquiritin, liquiritigenin, rhamnoliquiritin, neoliquiritin, chalcones isoliquiritin, isoliquiritigenin, neoisoliquiritin, licuraside, glabrolide and licoflavonol (Williamson, 2003).
• The compounds 5,8-dihydroxy-flavone-7-O-beta-Dglucuronide, glychionide A, and 5-hydroxy-8-methoxyl-flavone-7-O-beta-D-glucuronide, glychionide B were also isolated from the roots of G. glabra (Li et al. 2005). In liquorice, the isoflavones glabridin, galbrene, glabrone, shinpterocarpin, licoisoflavones A and B, formononetin, glyzarin, kumatakenin, have been found. Other isoflavones present are hispaglabridin A, hispaglabridin B, 4 -O-methylglabridin and 3 -hydroxy-4 -O-methylglabridin, glabroisoflavanone A and B glabroiso-flavanone B (Kinoshita et al. 2005). EMA/HMPC/571122/2010 Page 4/40

5 Coumarins Coumarins include liqcoumarin, glabrocoumarone A and B, herniarin, umbelliferone, glycyrin, glycocoumarin, licofuranocoumarin, licopyranocoumarin and glabrocoumarin (Kinoshita et al. 2005). Other compounds Minor components occur in amounts that vary depending on the species and geographical location (WHO 1999). The dihydrostilbenes, dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-4 -acetoxy-5 -isopentenylstilbene, dihydro- 3,3,4 -trihydroxy-5-o-isopentenyl-6-isopentenylstilbene, dihydro-3,5,3 -trihydroxy-4 - methoxystilbene and dihydro-3,3 -dihydroxy-5beta-d-o-glucopyranosyloxy-4 -methoxystilbene were isolated from the leaves of G. glabra grown in Sicily (Sultana et al. 2010). Moreover, fatty acids (C2 C16) and phenols (phenol, guaiacol), together with common saturated linear ?-lactones (C6 C14). 4- methyl-?-lactones,4-ethyl-?-lactones in trace amounts, as well as asparagines, glucose, sucrose, starch, polysaccharides (arabinogalactants) and sterols (beta-sitosterol, dihydrostigmasterol) have also been found (Näf & Jaquier 2006). Herbal preparation(s) There are about 14 species known, although most commercial liquorice is extracted from varieties of G. glabra grown in southern and central Europe (var. typica), in central and southern Russia (var. glandulifera), and in Iran and Iraq (var. violacea). Commercial liquorice products are derived from extracts of the root (Isbrucker & Burdock 2006). The harvesting of liquorice root occurs in the autumn of its third or fourth year of growth. The roots are dug up, washed and transported to warehouses for baling, sorting and drying. The dried roots are crushed by millstones and the pulp is boiled to make the extract. After removal of the solids, the extract is vacuum dried to a dark paste, which is cast into blocks or short sticks, or may be dried to a powder (Asl & Hosseinzadeh 2008). The European Pharmacopoeia reports the following liquid and dry extracts: Liquorice ethanolic liquid extract, standardised (Liquiritiae extractum fluidum ethanolicum normatum), which is produced from the herbal drug by a suitable procedure for liquid extracts using ethanol (70 per cent V/V) and contains 3 to 5% of 18 beta-glycyrrhizic acid. The extract is a clear liquid, dark brown, with a faint characteristic odour and a sweet taste (European Pharmacopoeia 2010 under minor revision). Liquorice dry extract for flavouring purposes (Liquiritiae extractum siccum ad saporandum) produced from the cut liquorice root by a suitable procedure using water, and contains: 5 to 7% of 18 beta- glycyrrhizic acid. The dry extract is a yellowish-brown or brown powder with a very sweet taste (European Pharmacopoeia 2008 under revision). However, no information on products on the market containing the standardised liquorice ethanolic liquid extract mentioned in the European Pharmacopoeia, are available. Combinations of herbal substance(s) and/or herbal preparation(s) including a description of vitamin(s) and/or mineral(s) as ingredients of traditional combination herbal medicinal products assessed, where applicable. Not applicable. EMA/HMPC/571122/2010 Page 5/40

Synonyma

• Glycyrrhiza glabra = Yashtimadhu (Sanskrit), Mulathee (Hindi), and Licorice (English), Glycyrrhiza glabra (Papilionaceae) [91]

• The Chinese name is gan-cao which means sweet herb.
• The word Liquorice essentially derives from Old Greek glykyrrhiza,
• Contraction of glykeia rhiza sweet root
• Glykys means sweet
• Rhiza is cognate to English root
• Latin, the Greek plant name appears as liquiritia, originating from liquere
• The liquid form of liquorice juice.
• Latin liquiritia is the source of many names for liquorice in modern European languages, e.g.,
• German Lakritze,
• Yiddish lakrets, [122]

Výskyt

• Perennial herb native to central and south-western Asia and the Mediterranean region
• Cultivated in the Mediterranean basin of Africa, in southern Europe, and in India
• Medicinal plant in China and India [122]

Zařazení

• Glycyrrhiza (Leguminosae) consists of about 30 species native to Europe, Asia, North and South America as well as Australia, including
• G. glabra, G. uralensis, G. inflata, G. aspera, G. korshinskyi and G. eurycarpa
• G. glabra includes three varieties:
• Persian and Turkish liquorices assigned to G. glabra var. violacea,
• Russian liquorice is G. glabra var. gladulifera,
• Spanish and Italian liquorices are G. glabra var. typical (Nomura et al. 2002)
• G. uralensis, G. inflata and G. glabra are the only species mentioned in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. [122]