MUDr. Dana Maňasková


Vyhledávání na medicinman.cz
 

Účinky kokosového oleje

  • Coconut oil
  • Potential to protect against
    • Heart disease
    • Diabetes
    • Cancer
    • Infectious diseases
  • Knowledge about coconut oil has been kept buried in medical journals because of a general prejudice against saturated fats [4]

Opomíjené rozdíly v metabolismu LCFA a MCFA při debatě o saturovaných tucích

1) štěpení MCFA

  • Nevyžaduje nezbytně pankreatické enzymy [9]

2) vstřebávání MCFA do lymfy

  • Obchází játra [9]

3) MCFA neesterifikují snadno a hůře se váží na proteiny

4) pro vstup do mitochondrií

5) Metabolizací MCFA poskytnou o cca 10% kj/g méně

  • LCFA will produce
    • 38·5 kJ/g (9·2 kcal/g) ingested [9]
  • MCFA produce
    • 34·7 kJ/g (8·3 kcal/g) ingested
      • Cca 10 % less energy [9]

6) Increases in postprandial energy expenditure (EE) after MCFA consumption

  • Compared diets rich in either MCFA, LCFA or low in fats, and found that
    • Low-fat diets were most efficient for weight loss
    • MCFA-rich diets may be better than LCFA-rich diets
      • Supported by Hill et al.
        • Higher EE was achieved through MCFA intake over 7 d when consumed in liquid formulation
          • MCFA motivated thermogenesis to a higher degree than did excess energy as LCFA [9]
  • Scalfi et al. in 6 participants to evaluate EE
    • Introduced meals containing 30 % fat, in the form of
      • Maize oil
      • Animal fat
      • MCFA oil (56 % octanoate and 40 % decanoate) [9]
  • EE after consumption of MCFA (compared with LCFA) was
    • 48 % greater in lean individuals
    • 65 % greater in obese individuals !!! [9]
  • Dulloo et al. compared the effects of low-to-moderate amounts of MCFA and LCFA consumption in eight healthy adult men
    • MCFA and LCFA (30 g total) at (g:g) ratios and their EE increases were measured:
      • 0:30 = x kJ
      • 5:25 = 45 kJ
      • 15:15 = 135 kJ
      • 30:0 = 265 kJ [9]

7) Attenuation of weight accretion after MCFA consumption

  • White et al. cautioned that the anti-obesity effect of MCFA results could be transient
    • Short-term feeding of MCFA-enriched diets increased temporary EE
    • With longer intake, this benefit was reduced [9]
  • Double-blind controlled trial in men and women (n 78) over a 12-week period
    • Greater reduction in body weight and fat
      • Following the daily ingestion of 60 g/d of MCFA compared with 60 g/d LCFA(35)
    • Other major dietary parameters not being significantly different [9]
  • Several studies have now shown that EE is higher when diets contain MCFA rather than LCFA
    • MCFA are more conducive to weight loss [9]
  • Study in 2010 - no evidence that fatty acid chain length has an effect on the measures of
    • Appetite
    • Food intake
    • Following a single high-fat test meal in lean participants
    • Study failed to observe any differences between
      • SCFA (dairy fat),
      • MCFA (coconut oil)
      • LCFA (beef tallow) when energy is held constant at a test meal [9]
  • PUFA, very-long-chain EPA and DHA
    • MCFA can enhance the positive effects of other dietary lipids such as PUFA
    • Conjugated linoleic acid
      • Appetite suppression
      • Increased fat mobilisation
      • Increased fatty acid oxidation [9]
    • One study of mice fed conjugated linoleic acid
      • Addition of MCFA (via dietary coconut oil) is associated with improved lipolysis
      • Compared with diets containing conjugated linoleic acid supplemented with soya oil
      • Discrepancies exist across publications [9]

8) Vyšší toxicita a nárůst hmotnosti v případě tepelného zpracování MCFA

  • Heating of VCO repeatedly, which is a common practise in order to save the cost
    • Could have detrimental effects on the body weight
    • Rats fed with VCO, repeatedly heated one, five and ten times
      • Resulted in higher weight gain than the non-heated oil-fed group [9]
  • Heated palm oil and soya oil
    • Resulted in greater body weight gain compared with the control group [9]

9) Medium-chain fatty acids can be converted to ketone bodies

  • MCT or MCFA can act as a non-carbohydrate fuel source by enhancing the formation of ketones or ketone bodies in the body
    • AcAc - used for energy production
    • 3-b-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) - used for energy production
    • Acetone - breakdown product of AcAc
  • Fatty acids cannot pass the blood–brain barrier (BBB)
    • Human brain primarily depends on glucose.
    • It can utilise alternative fuels such as
      • Monocarboxylic acids
      • Lactate
      • Ketones to maintain energy homeostasis [9]
  • Ketone bodies are used extensively as an energy source during glucose deficiency (ketosis)
  • AcAc and 3HB are short-chain (four-carbon) organic acids (ketone bodies)
    • Can cross cell membranes freely
    • Cross the BBB through proton-linked, monocarboxylic acid transporters [9]
  • Ketone bodies are absorbed by cells
    • Converted back to acetyl-CoA
      • Enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
        • Is oxidised in the mitochondria to provide
          • ATP [9]
          • Precursors of acetylcholine in neurons [9]
  • Alternatively, ketone bodies can be converted to acetyl-CoA in the brain for the purpose of synthesising LCFA [9]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) prevention

  • Abeta and hyperphosphorylated tau accumulation
    • Interfere with glutamate uptake and mediate glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation and neurodegeneration
  • Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is well-known as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory natural compound

Prophylactic effect of VCO on aluminium chloride (AlCl3)- induced AD in rat

  • Alzheimer was induced by intraperitoneal injections of aluminium chloride (AlCl3) for 45 days (40 ml/kg per day)
  • Oral administration of VCO (5 ml per day for 30 days) prior to the administration of AlCl3 significantly reduced the glutamate level
    • In hippocampus
    • In prefrontal cortex
      • Compared to an VCO non-administrated AD group [8]
  • VCO significantly
    • Increased the glutathione (GSH) level in both the hippocampus and cortex
    • Significantly decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) level in only the cortex of the AlCl3-induced AD rat model
  • VCO preserved the ultrastructural morphology of the hippocampus and cortex of the AlCl3-induced AD rat model
    • Potentially providing protection against the neurodegeneration in AD of both cortical and hippocampal neurons
    • VCO has a potential prophylactic effect for memory enhancement, anti-excitotoxicity and antioxidants in AD model [8]

Coconut oil in AD

  • MCFA can be converted to ketones
    • Important alternative energy source in the brain
    • May be beneficial to people developing or already with memory impairment, as in Alzheimer's disease (AD) [9]
  • Cytokinins found in coconut
    • May assist in preventing the aggregation of amyloid-beta peptide
      • Potentially inhibiting a key step in the pathogenesis of AD [9]
  • Coconut has also been identified as a potential cognitive strengthener associated with AD. [9] [28]
  • Hydroxyl group of phenolic compounds
    • May be able to reduce the toxicity of the Alzheimer’s Ab peptide
    • Hydroxyl groups could trap hydrogen bonds of Ab
      • This may reduce Ab aggregation
  • phenolic compounds can bind Ab fibrils with their long axis
    • Parallel to the long axis of Ab fibrils [9]
  • Several other phenolic compounds have been shown to prevent Ab aggregation and/or toxicity
  • Exact mechanisms by which the phenolic group affects Ab toxicity is not currently clear [9]
  • A small number of clinical trials and animal studies using a formulation of MCT
    • Reported significant improvement of cognition in AD patients [9] [25]
  • Studies in which the diet has been supplemented with SFA
    • Particularly hydrogenated coconut oil
      • Deleterious effects on hippocampal morphology and behaviour, and increased plasma LDL levels [9]
  • Extraction method used to obtain VCO
    • Appears to affect the quality of coconut oil
    • May directly affect the efficacy [9]
  • It must be emphasised that the use of coconut oil to treat or prevent AD is not supported by any peer-reviewed large cohort clinical data;
  • Any positive findings are based on small clinical trials and on anecdotal evidence;
  • However, coconut remains a compound of interest requiring further investigation [9]
  • Virgin coconut oil (VCO) by normalizing NLRP3 inflammasome
    • Showed potential neuroprotective effects in Amyloid-beta induced toxicity and high-fat diet fed rat.
    • 120 male Wistar rats, were divided into 12 groups (n = 10), including;
      • Healthy control, sham surgery, sham surgery receiving normal saline, HFD,
      • HFD + 8% VCO, HFD + 10% VCO,
      • Abeta received rats, Abeta + 8%VCO, Abeta + 10%VCO, HFD + Abeta, HFD + Abeta+8%VCO, and HFD + Abeta + 10%VCO [11]
    • Following memory and learning tests, blood samples + hippocampus
      • Abeta and HFD significantly impaired memory and learning by
        • Activating of both NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and oxidative stress (p<0.05) [11]
      • Treatment with both 8 and 10% VCO
        • Normalized inflammasome genes expression and oxidative stress (p<0.05)
        • Histology tests revealed that VCO
          • Improved hippocampus cell changes
          • Reduced Abeta plaques and phosphorylated Tau [11]
      • High-fat diet has exacerbated the effects of Abeta, while VCO showed potential neuroprotective effect [11]

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

  • Incurable neurodegenerative disease
  • Characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the
    • Motor cortex,
    • Brainstem
    • Spinal cord
  • Relatively fast progression of ALS
    • Early diagnosis is essential for possible therapeutic intervention and disease management
  • In the SOD1G93A ALS mouse model using localized in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
    • Brainstem region since brainstem motor nuclei are the primarily affected regions in SOD1G93A mice and ALS patients
    • In the brainstem, a gradual decrease in
      • Creatine levels were detected starting from the pre-symptomatic age of 70?days postpartum
    • Early symptomatic phase (day 90)
      • Significant increase in the levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma- aminobutyric acid (GABA) was measured
    • Later time points
      • Decreased NAA, glutamate, glutamine
      • Increased myo-inositol
    • Late stages
      • Decreased glutamate, NAA
      • Increased taurine in the motor cortex
  • Coconut oil supplementation in SODG93A mice together with the regular diet
    • Delayed disease symptoms
    • Enhanced motor performance
    • Prolonged survival in the SOD1G93A mouse model
    • MRS data showed stable metabolic profile at day 120 in the coconut oil diet group
    • Positive correlation between survival and the neuronal marker NAA was found [6]

Anorexigenní účinky kokosového oleje

Caprylic acid (octanoic acid, C8:0)

  • Class of medium-chain saturated fatty acids (MCFAs)
  • Oils such as coconut oil are natural sources of dietary caprylic acid.
  • MCFAs display distinct chemico-physical and metabolic properties (LCFAs?less than?12 carbons)
  • Caprylic acid was shown to octanoylate ghrelin by covalent binding
    • Peptide hormone with an orexigenic effect
    • Modulating physiological functions regulated by octanoylated ghrelin
    • Provide the ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) enzyme
      • Octanoyl-CoA co-substrates necessary for the acyl modification of ghrelin [7]
  • Decreasing the circulating octanoylated ghrelin level
    • Through the inhibition of GOAT activity
    • By modulating the availability of its C8:0 substrate
    • Might constitute a therapeutic strategy against obesity [7]

Antichlamydiální účinek k. laurové

  • Tedy kdo ještě neví, co dělá skutečně aterosklerozu - je to Chlamydia pneumonia - k. laurová mám dohledáno, že umí zabíjet tuto nitrobuněčnou bakterii - tedy za mne je panenský kokosový olej (neponičený teplem aj.) další přímý link v prevenci aterosklerózy a možná i vůčí jendomu z možných aspektů Alzheimerovy choroby
  • Kromě toho látky, které snižují cholesterol - LDL - většinou tak nějak zároveň trochu nějak potalčujou i Chlamydii pneumonii
  • Za mě a pro mě tedy dobrý
  • Je jasný, že čím kratší řetězce Mk to má, tím budou reaktivnější
    • A že fakt není dobrý nápad na tom smažit
      • Není nijak překvapující, že se prokázalo, že kdo jí víc tepelně zpracovaného tohoto oleje, tak se mu nedaří dobře

Epidemiologie kardiovaskulárních nemocí na Srí Lance

  • In Sri Lanka, coconut had been the primary source of dietary fat for thousands of years
  • In 1978 the per capita consumption of coconut was equivalent to 120 nuts/year
  • At that time the country had one of the lowest heart disease rates in the world.
  • Only one out of every 100,000 deaths was attributed to heart disease,
    • Whereas in the United States of America, where very little coconut was eaten and people relied more on polyunsaturated oils
      • Heart disease death rate at the same time was at least 280 times higher [4]
  • As a result of the ‘anti-saturated fat’ campaign coconut consumption in Sri Lanka has declined since 1978
  • 1991 per capita consumption had dropped to 90 nuts/year and has continued to fall
  • People begun to eat more corn oil and other polyunsaturated vegetable oils
  • Heart disease rates increased in Sri Lanka
    • Interestingly, the problem was greater in the urban cities
  • This Sri-Lankan scenario could well be playing out in many developing countries in West Africa. [4]

Listeria monocytogenes

  • High antimicrobial activity and inhibited various pathogenic bacteria for example Listeria monocytogenes (Wang & Johnson, 1992) [30]

C. difficile strains sporulation inhibition

  • Fresh onion bulb extract (6·3% v v-1 )
  • coconut oil (8% v v-1 ) inhibited sporulation in all four isolates by 66-86% and 51-88% compared to untreated controls [12]
  • Fresh ginger rhizome extract (25% v v-1 ) was also inhibitory to a lesser extent
  • Germination was unaffected
  • Outgrowth was significantly reduced by
    • Artichoke extract (18·8 mg ml-1 )
    • Fresh onion bulb extract (25% v v-1 )
    • Leptospermum honeys (8% w v-1 )
    • Allicin (75 mg ml-1 ; P < 0·01) [12]

Antimikrobiální účinky

  • Lauric acid, the main fatty acid in coconut
  • phenolic compounds
  • Protective against lowgrade infections often associated with IR
  • Specific fractions of coconut oil, extracted under hot conditions
    • Shown to reduce blood glucose, cholesterol and lipid peroxidation
  • Some polyphenolic compounds appear to
    • Reduce liver lipid peroxidation [9]
  • High resistance against rancidity development (Patil et al., 2016). Gani, Benjakul, and Nuthong (2017) [30]


Antivirotické účinky

  • DebMandal and Mandal report, that coconut oil is very effective against a variety of lipid-coated viruses such as
    • Visna virus
    • CMV
    • Epstein-Barr virus
    • Influenza virus
    • Leukemia virus
    • Pneumo virus
    • Hepatitis C virus
  • The MCFA in coconut oil primarily destroys these organisms
    • By disrupting their membranes
      • Interfering with virus assembly and maturation [4]

Diabetes

  • CO improves insulin sensitivity
  • Shows hypoglycemic effect
  • Secondary diabetic complications are mediated by the activation of polyol pathway
    • Aldose reductase (AR) plays crucial role
  • Effect of CO as well as its constituents, MCFAs and phenolic compounds, for targeting the molecules in polyol pathway
    • Lauric acid (LA) - inhibits the activity of:
      • AR - aldose reductase
      • DPP-IV of polyol pathway
    • Validation studies using animal models
      • Confirmed the inhibition of AR and SDH in wistar rats
      • LA dose dependently reduced the expression of AR in HCT-15 cells
    • Study suggests the possible role of CO, particularly LA in reducing secondary diabetic complications [18]

Hepatoprotekce

Ter. trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazolem

  • Protective effect of VCO against liver damage in albino rats challenged with the anti-folate combination, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (TMP–SMX) (Otuechere, Madarikan, Simisola, Bankole, and Osho; 2014) [30]
  • Protective effects against the toxic effects induced by TMP-SMX administration, mainly in the liver of rats [30]


Inzulínová rezistnence

  • A higher rate of diabetes has developed in India and South Pacific Islands
    • Following dietary changes from traditional fats such as ghee and coconut oil
      • To polyunsaturated fats such as sunflower or safflower oils [9]
  • Diet rich in coconut oil shields against IR in diabetic rats [9]
  • Rats fed with LCFA and n-6 PUFA for 8 weeks
    • Induce IR
    • Increased the expression of liver X-receptors (LXRa)
    • Increased carbohydrate response element binding protein and LCFA elongase-6 in the liver and white adipose tissue
  • Rats fed MCFA (from coconut oil) had
    • Reduced LXRa
    • Reduced carbohydrate response element binding protein
    • Reduced LCFA elongase-6 expression
    • Improved insulin signalling and less IR [9]
  • In an in vitro study that compared LCFA and MCFA effects in myotubes
    • MCFA-treated cells displayed
      • Less lipid accumulation
      • Increased the intrinsic respiratory capacity of mitochondria without increasing oxidative stress
        • Less reactive oxygen species generation [9]
  • Studies of thiazolidinediones
    • Ligands that increase insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes via the PPARg
    • Certain MCFA such as those in coconut oil (C8–C10) are low-potency agonists
      • But without the deleterious side effects [9]
  • One study of male rats on a MCFA-rich diet has found that the diet causes
    • Increases in body adiposity
    • Hyperinsulinaemia
    • Reduces insulinmediated glucose uptake in the skeletal muscle
    • Indicating that further research is required to understand the metabolism and effects of different MCFA
    • Z načtených dat je patrné, že stejně jako nelze hodit do jednoho pytle všechny saturované tuky, nelze toto udělat se všemi MCFA...a že velkou roli hrají ony fytonutrienty kolem, včetně toho, že olej nebyl poničen tepelnou úpravou - kdy se pak stává mínusem
      • Major components in coconut oil are believed to be involved in reducing IR are fatty acids
        • Lauric acid (45–50 %)
        • Capric acid
        • phenolic compounds as ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid
      • Levels of the beneficial components are believed to be higher in VCO
        • Prepared via a cold or low-heat-based extraction method [9]

Coconut oil in combination with menhaden oil

  • Able to reduce mammary tumor in animal study (Craig-Schmidt, White, Teer, Johnson, & Lane, 1993)

Coconut oil aggravates pressure overload-induced cardiomyopathy (by transverse aortic constriction (TAC)

  • Zesílil metabolismus a úsilí srdečního svalu, došlo k vyššímu oxidačnímu stresu a ke zvýšení podílu vaziva, prořídnutí krevních kapilár
    • Zaškrcená aorta, je zaškrcená aorta...
  • [22]

Coconut oil and lipid metabolism

  • Nevin & Rajamohan rat study
    • Addition of VCO to the diet has also been associated with
    • Demonstrated that VCO has a
      • Higher capacity to reduce serum LDL levels than copra oil
      • To reduce LDL oxidation by physiological oxidants
  • Coconut oil can lower cholesterol synthesis in human subjects
    • Possibly due to lower production rates of apoB-containing lipoproteins [9]
  • Abnormal metabolism of lipoprotein (a)/Lp(a) and their variants
    • Associated with peripheral artery disease, stroke, atherosclerosis, cerebrovascular disease as well as AD
    • Coconut oil has been shown to help reduce Lp (a) levels
  • Twenty-five women -after consumption of a high-fat diet based on coconut oil (38·4 % of energy from fat)
    • Lipoprotein(a) levels are 13 % lower
    • Postprandial plasma concentration of tissue plasminogen activator antigen
      • TPA antigen, often abnormally high in diabetes/IR
      • Dwindled when the women consumed the high-fat coconut diet, when compared with women who had consumed a diet high in unsaturated fat [9]
  • Dietary coconut oil intake
    • Positively associated with HDL-cholesterol levels
      • Especially among pre-menopausal women
    • Did not cause a significant increase in LDL-C or TAG levels [9]
  • A meta-analysis of prospective epidemiological studies demonstrated
    • Dietary saturated fat is not associated with an increased risk of CHD or CVD [9]
  • Tsai et al.reported that
    • Both MCT and lauric acid raised serum LDL-C concentrations compared with the more polyunsaturated [9]
  • Cater et al.(152) also showed that
    • MCT have one-half the potency
      • Palmitic acid has at raising total and LDL-C concentrations [9]
  • 2004, Tholstrup et al. observed that MCFA had
    • A hypercholesterolaemic effect [9]
  • One study has noted that
    • Soya oil reduces cholesterol to a greater degree than coconut oil
    • Addition of Psyllium fibre supplementation
      • Lowers serum cholesterol regardless of saturation level of dietary fat [9]
  • Due to the many likely benefits of VCO, most researchers would recommend the inclusion of coconut oil in the diet;
    • Yet to decide how much coconut oil is required for optimal health
    • Two studies have recommended a daily intake of
      • 3·5 tablespoons of VCO for a 72 kg man
        • Based on the quantity of MCFA present in human breast milk [9]

Blood–brain barrier (BBB)

  • Brain endothelial structure of the fully differentiated neurovascular system
  • Protects the brain from foreign substances
  • Do not cross the BBB
    • More than 98 % of all small-molecule drugs
    • Cca 100 % of all large-molecule drugs or genes
    • Difficult to develop effective new neurotherapeutics for AD that permeate the BBB [9]
  • Circulating D-b-3hydroxybutyrate ketone body
    • Formed out of MCFA, crosses the BBB
    • Enters the mitochondria
    • Is metabolised to AcAc
    • Converted to acetyl-CoA
    • Enters into the Krebs cycle [9]
  • 2018 study na obézních ženách
    • žádný měřitelný přínos stran lipidů, glykémie, hubnutí [27]
      • Ale také žádné zhoršení !!!


Malnutrice

  • VCO, without bile, can easily digest and goes directly to the liver for conversion into energy (DebMandal & Mandal, 2011) [30]
    • Has been using to treat fat malabsorption patients (Carandang, 2008) [30]

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of virgin coconut oil supplementation abrogate acute chemotherapy oxidative nephrotoxicity induced by anticancer drug methotrexate in rats.

  • Methotrexate (MTX) toxicity on non-targeted tissue associated with oxidative stress and inflammation
  • Rats were randomized into 4 groups
    • Control group
    • MTX group injected with single dose of MTX (20mg/kg, ip) on day 14
    • VCO (5%)+MTX - pre-treated with VCO diet and injected with single dose of MTX (20mg/kg, ip) on day 14
    • VCO (15%)+MTX [17]
  • After 3 days of MTX injection
    • MTX nephrotoxicity was evidenced by
      • Markedly elevated serum renal markers
      • Significant decreases in renal GSH
      • Decr. activities of antioxidant enzymes
        • Confirmed by histopathology
      • Markedly increased compared to control
        • Lipid peroxidation level
        • IL-6
        • NO
        • CRP [17]
    • VCO supplementation prior to MTX injection
      • Attenuated MTX-induced oxidative nephrotoxicity via prominent increases in
        • GSH
        • Antioxidant enzyme activities in a dose-dependent manner [17]
      • Renal inflammatory markers and MDA depleted considerably compared to MTX control group
      • Histopathological alterations were mitigated to confirm the biochemical indices [17]
  • VCO supplementation demonstrates nephroprotective activity
    • By attenuating MTX oxidative nephrotoxicity
    • Results suggested that VCO may benefit cancer patients on MTX chemotherapy against kidney injury [17]

Prebiotické účinky

  • Beneficial Effect of Virgin Coconut Oil on Alloxan-Induced Diabetes and Microbiota Composition in Rats.
  • Intake of virgin coconut oil did not decrease the diabetes-induced hyperglycemia
  • Affected the secondary parameters, such as
    • Food and water intake
    • Average body mass gain
  • Positively affect the fecal microbiome
    • Significantly increased the abundance of probiotic bacteria
      • Lactobacillus
      • Allobaculum
      • Bifidobacterium species
PMID: 30168039 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-018-0689-7 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30168039


Psychika

  • Coconut oil and exercise during lactation can ameliorate the effects of stress on anxiety-like behavior and episodic-like memory in young rats [15]

Virgin coconut oil extract mitigates testicular-induced toxicity of alcohol use in antiretroviral therapy.

  • Consumption of alcohol by people living with HIV/AIDS
    • Associated with a graver prognosis [12]
  • Long-term use of antiretrovirals side effects may be aggravated by concomitant alcohol use
  • Virgin coconut oil (VCO) as an adjuvant to "highly active antiretroviral therapy" (HAART)
  • Forty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 165~176 g - eight groups treated according to protocol
    • Ethanol alone and ethanol + HAART showed
      • Extensive degeneration in the seminiferous epithelium
      • Decreased semen quality
      • Disorganized basement membrane and widened, hypocellular interstitium [12]
    • GSH was significantly decreased in the ethanol alone treated group
    • Adjuvant treatment with VCO at low dose (2.5 mL/kg/bw) improved
      • Sperm motility with a partial restoration of the histopathological alterations
    • High doses of VCO (5.0 mL/kg/bw)
      • Greater improvement with respect to sperm counts
      • Increased FSH hormonal and GSH antioxidant levels
      • Well-preserved testicular cyto-architecture [12]

Oleje ve stravě in healthy men and women in the general population

  • Randomised clinical trial conducted over June and July 2017
  • 4 weeks consumption of 50?g daily for 91 men and women
    • Extra virgin coconut oil
    • Butter
    • Extra virgin olive oil [16]
  • LDL-C concentrations were significantly
    • Increased on butter compared with
      • Coconut oil (+0.42, 95%?CI 0.19 to 0.65 mmol/L, P<0.0001)
      • Olive oil (+0.38, 95%?CI 0.16 to 0.60?mmol/L, P<0.0001)
      • no differences in change of LDL-C in coconut oil compared with olive oil (-0.04, 95%?CI -0.27 to 0.19?mmol/L, P=0.74) [16]
  • Coconut oil
    • Significantly increased HDL-C compared with
      • Butter (+0.18, 95%?CI 0.06 to 0.30?mmol/L)
      • Olive oil (+0.16, 95%?CI 0.03 to 0.28?mmol/L) [16]
  • Butter significantly increased
    • TC/HDL-C ratio
    • Non-HDL-C compared with
      • Coconut oil and olive oil [16]
  • no significant differences in
    • Weight, BMI, central adiposity,
    • Fasting blood glucose,
    • Systolic or diastolic blood pressure [16]

Steatoza jater

Virgin coconut oil reverses hepatic steatosis

  • By restoring redox homeostasis and lipid metabolism in male Wistar rats.
  • Hepatosteatosis, a form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) [20]
    • Insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and imbalances in adipokine/cytokine interplay are reported to be involved
  • Virgin coconut oil (VCO), a fermented product of fresh coconut kernel
    • Shown to impede the development of hepatosteatosis in rats [20]
  • Hyperglycemia, reduced glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and hepatic macrovesicles in high-fructose-diet-fed rats (4 weeks)
    • Reversion in these parameters was observed upon shifting to normal diet in untreated control animals
    • Administration of VCO, increased this natural reversion by improving
      • High-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (53.5%)
      • Reducing hepatic and serum triacylglycerols (78.0 and 51.7%)
      • Increased hepatic glutathione level (P < 0.01)
      • + antioxidant enzyme activities (P < 0.05)
      • Reduced lipid peroxidation
      • Reduced liver enzyme activities (P < 0.01)
      • Restoration of altered hepatic architecture [20]

Další citované účinky

  • Wide range of potential protective effects as an
    • Antioxidant,
    • Anti-inflammatory,
    • Antithrombotic,
    • Antipyretic
    • Antihypercholesterol agent [8]
O úroveň výše

Poslední aktualizace: 23. 4. 2019 0:22:54