potraviny/kopriva-dvoudoma/slozeni
“Anorganische Verbindungen.
In 100 g frischem Kraut
- [66] 85 g Wasser,
- 3,55 g Mineralstoffe
- 1050 mg Calcium,
- 613 mg Kalium,
- 340 mg Silicium,
- 50 bis 265 mg Phosphor,
- 2 bis 200 mg Eisen,
- 180 mg Chlorid,
- 175 mg Magnesium,
- 58 mg Natrium,
- 8 mg Mangan,
- 4 mg Bor,
- 2,7 mg Titan,
- 1,3 mg Kupfer,
- 0,03 mg Nickel.
In getrocknetem Kraut
- Je nach Standort bis ca. 20% Mineralstoffe.
- Kieselsäuregehalt in Blättern 1,1 bis 4,8% SiO2 bzw. 0,9 bis 1,8% Silicium;
- Der Si-Gehalt steigt von Mai bis Oktober um 100%;
- In Stengeln Silicium nur in Spuren [78].
Spurenelemente in Blättern:
- 0,4 mg % Cu,
- 6 mg % Mn,
- 16 mg % Al
- Sowie unbestimmte Mengen Kobalt, Zink, Titan und Gold
Die Asche besteht aus
- 24 bis 22% CaO,
- 14 bis 20% K2O,
- 3 bis 10% MgO,
- 3 bis 6% Fe2O3,
- 1 bis 2% Na2O,
- 4 bis 9% P2O5,
- 6 bis 10% SiO2
- 4 bis 6% Chlorid.
Charakteristisch
- Nitratspeicherung
- Hohe Korrelation zwischen Stickstoffangebot und Nitratgehalt
- Bei zu starker Düngung können Nitratgehalte von bis zu 3% in den getrockneten Stengeln auftreten.
- Die Blätter enthalten ca. 10 bis 20% der in den Stengeln gespeicherten Nitratgehalte
- Physiologisch älteren Blätter weniger als die jüngeren enthalten
- Handelsdrogen enthalten im Mittel ca. 1,5% Nitrat (0,7 bis 2,5%)
- Sehr starke Schwankungen vorkommen.
Farmaceutická databáze: Hager´s Handuch der Arzneistoffe und Drogen
Kopřiva určitě obsahuje oxaláty
- Velká většina rostlin...
- Sušením se zčásti rozkládají
- Váží se do kalcium-oxalátu
- Ve vodě nerozpustný a nijak výrazně se neprojeví jeho vedlejší účinek
- Rozhodně to není léčivá rostlina, u které by hrozilo “předávkování” kyselinou šťavelovou při normálním režimu používání
- Určitě nebezpečnější mohou být dusičnany, pokud roste na silně dusíkatých substrátech (viz sdělení z Hagerse).
- Pokud se jedná o čajové směsi, tam se nic neupravuje.
Prof. RNDr. Lubomír Opletal, CSc.
Chlorogenic acid
- Has been found higher in leaves than aerial parts.
- Usage of the aerial parts instead of leaves for medical purposes isn’t appropriate.
- cms.galenos.com.tr/Uploads/Article_12356/223-230.pdf
Nettle extracts obtained from leaves
- Cultivated and wild, differ in phenolic composition quantitative
- In the fresh tissues of nettle three classes of phenolics were characterized:
- Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives
- Chlorogenic acid
- 2-Ocaffeoyl -malic acid
- flavonoids
- Rutin,
- Quercetin p-coumaroyl-glucoside,
- Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside,
- Kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside,
- Isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside
- Anthocyanins
- Peonidin 3-O-rutinoside,
- Rosinidin 3-Orutinoside,
- Peonidin 3-O-(6"-O-pcoumaroylglucoside)
- Moreover the leaf samples contain large amounts of
- Caffeic acid derivatives,
- Chlorogenic
- 2-Ocaffeoylmalic acid
- flavonoids are represented by
- Glycosides, in particular,
- Quercetin 3-O-glucoside,
- 3-Orutinosides of quercetin
- Kaempferol and isorhamnetin
- cms.galenos.com.tr/Uploads/Article_12356/223-230.pdf
- . Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives
- Were the most representative constituents
- 2-caffeoilisocitric acid cyclodimer
- Described for the first time
- Four C-glycosylated flavones
- 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl function
- www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0731708521000042
Hydrophilic fractions
Water, methanol, ethanol extracts of U. dioica
- Polar active principles are responsible for the anti-cancer activity
- Isolectins
- Polysaccharide
Polar extracts of the roots - lignans
- (+)-neoolivil,
- (-)-secoisolariciresinol,
- Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol,
- Isolariciresinol,
- Pinoresinol
- 3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran
- Content of flavonoids and other
- Able to induce anti-cancer effects through different mechanisms
- Anti-oxidant activity, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of cell growth and cell migration
www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/15/2753
Hydrophobic extracts of the roots
- Sterols stigmast-4-en-3-one,
- Stigmasterol
- Campesterol
- Inhibited the enzyme activity of Na+, K+-ATPase in patients’ tissues with benign prostatic hyperplasia
- Ay subsequently repress prostate-cell metabolism and proliferation
www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/15/2753
Další analýza
- Fytoncidy,
- Kyseliny šťavelovou
- Malé množství kyseliny šťavelové
- Mravenčí, octovou a křemičitou.
- Vysoký obsah beta-sitosterolu
- histamin, který dráždí pokožku, acetylcholin, který vyvolává pocit pálení a serotonin, který zvyšuje účinek dvou předchozích látek.
- www.fotodoma.cz/rostliny-plantae/kopriva-dvoudoma/#obsahove-latky
- Octovou, mravenčí, jablečnou, jantarovou, citronovou, fumarovou, glycerolovou, izocitronovou, listovou aj
- sacharidy (arabinóza, ramnóza, fruktóza, xylóza, manóza, galaktóza a glukóza),
- aminokyseliny především hydroxyprolin, asparagin, treonin, serin, glycin, alanin, valin, metionin, lyzin, arginin, tyrozin, glutamin, leucin, fenylalanin, prolin a izoleucin, aminy (acetylcholin, histamin, serotonin, cholin),
- Vitamíny (B1, B2, C, laktoflavin, kyselina pantotenová, K1, provitamin A),
- Fytoncidní látky,
- V pálivých chlupech i neprchavý pryskyřicovitý sekret s kyselinou mravenčí a křemičitou, též jistou toxickou látkou, ne zcela prozkoumanou - ničí se varem.
- Tato látka již v množství desetimilióntina gramu vyvolává typické puchýřky (proto se nověji vžívá názor, že kopřiva škodí zdraví).
- 12,5-18,5% minerálních látek (hlavně soli vápníku, fosforu, magnézia a železa),
- karotenoidy beta-karoten,
- Violaxantin, xantofyl, xantofyl-epoxid
- Eloxantin a lykopin,
- flavonoidy,
- Metylheptenon (součást éterického oleje),
- Acetofenon
- Beta-sitosterin.
Lipophilic fractions
Dichloromethane extracts
- Lipophilic compounds are mostly responsible for the anti-cancer actions
- Phytosterols,
- Pentacyclic triterpenoids,
- Coumarins,
- Ceramides
- Hydroxyl fatty acids
Main constituents
- flavonoids,
- Caffeoyl-esters,
- Caffeic acid,
- Scopoletin (cumarin),
- Sitosterol (-3-O-glucoside),
- Polysaccharides,
- Fatty acids
- Minerals
- scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=jbs.2016.242.246
Chemicals found in average nettle:
- Accetylcholine: 10-20 mg/100 g
- Acetic acid: 0.04-0.05 g/100 g
- Chlorophyll: 1-2 mg/100 g
- Citric acid: 0.2-0.4 g/100 g
- Choline: 200-500 mg/100 g
- Formic acid: 2-3 mg/100 g
- Histamine: 0.01-0.02 g/100 g
- Oxalic acid: 1-2 g/100 g
- Potassium: 1.2-2 g/100 g
- Magnesium: 150-250 mg/100 g
- Sulfur: 200-300 mg/100 g
- Silicon: 1000-2000 mg/100 g
- Vitamin C: 100-200 mg/100 g
- Vitamin A: 100-200 IU/100 g
- Vitamin K: 20-40 µg/100 g
- Saponins: 0.1-1 g/100 g
- Flavonoids: 5-10 mg/100 g
- Alkaloids: 1-2 mg/100 g
- Lignans: 1-2 mg/100 g
- Linoleic acid: 5-10 g/100 g
- Palmitic acid: 2-4 g/100 g
- Oleic acid: 1-3 g/100 g
- Catechins: 50-100 mg/100 g
- Antioxidants: 100-200 mg/100 g
Sapogenins from Urtica dioica
- Hederagenin
- Oleanolic acid (Ligor et al., 2021).
Nettle
- Agglutinin,
- Acetophenone,
- Alkaloids,
- Acetylcholine,
- Chlorogenic acid,
- Butyric acid,
- Chlorophylll,
- Caffeic acid
- Carbonic acid
- choline
- histamine
- Coumaric acid
- Formic acid
- pantothenic acid
- Kaempferol
- Coproporphyrin,
- Lectin
- Lecithin
- Lignan
- Linoleic
- Linolenic acids
- Palmitic acid
- Xanthophyll
- Quercetin
- Quinic acid
- serotonin
- Stigmasterol
- Terpenes
- Violaxanthin
- Succinic acid
- 2,5% fatty substance
- 14–17% albumins
- 18% protein in dry matter
Seeds of nettle
- 8–10% fixed oil
1 kg fresh plant
Stinging hair of nettle
- Formic acid
- histamine
- Acetylcholine
Leaves of nettle
- Provitamin A
- vitamin B1
- K
- Xanthophylls
- Sistosterin a
Ashes of nettle
Methanolic extracts of nettle
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method
- Vanillic acid,
- Homovanillic acid,
- 2-hydroxycinnamic acid,
- 4-hydroxycinnamic acid,
- Ferulic acid
Methanolic extract of nettle leaves
Reverse Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) method, UV detector;
- Syringic acid,
- Gallic acid,
- Ferulic acid
Nettle root
Extract prepared in different pH of organic solvent - GC-MS method
- 18 different phenolic components
- 8 different lignan components
Isocratically fractionate, commercial Urtica dioica root extracts without hydrolisation
- Ferulic acid 20 µg/g,
- Homovanillly alcohol 8 µg/g,
- P-coumaric acid 5 µg/g
Urtica dioica flowers
chromatographic and spectroscopic method
- 7 flavonoid glycosides
- Kaempferol-3-O-glycoside,
- Quercetin-3-O-glycoside,
- Isorhamnetin-3-O glycoside,
- Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside,
- Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside,
- Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside
- Isorhamnetin-3-O-neohesperidoside
Methanolic extracts of nettle leaves and stalks
- Anthocyanin glycosides,
- Pelargonidin xylobioside,
- Pelargonidin monoxyloside,
- Pelargonidin, D-glucose, L-rhamnose after acid hydrolysis
- Quercetin and rutin flavonoids
Nettle leaves
Supercritical Fluids Extraction (SFE) method
- Liquid CO2, different pressure, and temperature profiles were used,
- Chlorophylll a,
- Chlorophylll b,
- Bta-carotene,
- Lutein components
- Chlorophylll a
- Chlorophyll b
- Used as a coloring agents (E140) in the field of drug and food.
- The most efficient process
- 4-step extraction
- Nettle was firstly dried at 40°C,
- Stored at dark place in plastic bags at 4°C
nettle roots analysis
GC about fatty acids composition
- Linoleic acid, palmitic acid,
- Oleic acid, palmitoleic acid,
- Stearic acid,
- Gadoleic acid,
- Erucic acid
Nettle leaves
RP-HPLC method and UV detector
- (-)-epi catechin
- (+)-catechin
Root samples from Mediterranean cultivar
- Phenol compounds,
- Ferulic acid
- Polyphenols
- Naringin
- Ellagic acid,
- Myricetin
- Rutin
The roots
- Lignans (secoisolariciresinol, 9,90-bisacetyl-neo-olivil and their glucosides),
- Phytosterols (e.g., ß-sitosterol),
- Polysaccharides,
- Isolectins (mainly U. dioica agglutinine),
- Coumarins (e.g., scopoletin),
- Simple phenols (e.g., p-hydroxy-benzaldehyde),
- Triterpenoic acids
- Monoterpendiols.
U. dioica leaves
- Flavonoid glycosides, mainly rutinosyl flavonols,
- Different depsides of hydroxycinnamic acids
- With quinic or malic acid
- Chlorogenic acid and caffeoyl malic acid
- Represented approximately 76.5% of total phenolic compounds
- Rutin
- Was the most abundant flavonol derivative
Methanolic extracts of U. dioica leaves and stalks
- Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside, rutin, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside
Polyphenol profile
- Strongly dependent on the parts of the plant investigated
- Harvest site
- Season
High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometric detection inflorescence extracts
- The richest extracts
Trichomy
- serotonin, histamine, acetylcholine, moroidin, leukotrienes, formic acid
- Irritant compounds provoke pain, wheals or a stinging sensation
- Lose its irritant powers during cooking,
- Young shoots may be used for culinary purposes
Množství biologicky aktivních látek
Silice
- Kafr
- Karvakrol
- Naftalen
- Safranal
- Borneol
- Dekanal
- Mentol
- Thymol
- Beta-Cyklocitral
- Farnesol
- Gamma-Kadinen
- Hexenal
Ostatní
- Taniny
- Flavonoidy: kaemferol, isorhamnetin, quercetin, astralgin, rutin
- Fenoly: kyselina kávová, p-kumarová chlorogenová, gentisová, vanilová, skopoletin…
- Mastné kyseliny: kyselina linolenová, olejová, palmitová, stearová
- Polysacharidy: glukany 1›4, rhamnogalaktoglukany, arabinogalaktany...
- Isolektiny
- Steroly: 7beta hydroxysitosterol, stigmasterol
- Terpeny: kyselina ursová
- Bílkoivny a aminokyseliny: aspartát, treonin, serin, kyselina glutamová, prolin, alanin, leucin, tyrosin, valin…
- Vitamíny: vitaminy B, C, K
- Karotenoidy: beta karoten, lutoxantin, lutein, violaxantin
- Minerály: vápník, železo, hořčík, fosfor, draslík, sodík
- Chlorofyl
- Lignany: seikoisolariciresinol, 9-acetyl-neo-olivil
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