Snižují střevní propustnost - zařadit
ACEIs
- Enhanced angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression
- In patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
- Suggesting a role in its pathogenesis [9]
- Anti-inflammatory actions of Ang 1–7 in the pathogenesis of IBD [9]
- Ang II can be converted to smaller peptide products
- One of these, Ang 1–7
- Ang 1-7 can be synthesized:
- From Ang II (via postproline carboxypeptidase)
- From Ang I (via tissue endopeptidases
- Neprilysin
- Prolyl endopeptidase
- Thimet oligopeptidase
- Directly from Ang 1–9
- Following its formation from Ang 1–10 by ACE2
- ACE2
- The main enzyme responsible for Ang 1–7 generation
- Expression has been observed in the gut:
- Epithelial
- Sub-mucosal
- Significant expression in the ileum and the colon [9]
- Ang 1–7
- Only known receptor = the MAS-1 R oncogene G-protein coupled receptor
- Renal function
- Fluid homeostasis
- Vascular tone
- Cardiac contractility
- Remodeling [9]
- Anti-inflammatory effects of Ang 1–7
- In atherosclerosis plaque
- In an arthritic model
- Inhibition of NF?B activity
- Reduction of cytokines
- TNF?, IL-1ß, MCP-1, CXCL1 [9]
- Ang 1–7 treatment reduces
- Intracellular signaling of MAPK family
- P38
- ERK1/2
- JNK [9]
- protein kinase C (PKC)
- C-SRC kinase [9]
- Reduce the severity of allergic inflammation in mice
- Suppressing the activity of
- ERK1/2
- NF?B pathways [9]
- Most of these actions are directly opposed to Ang II-mediated effects
- Beneficial effects of ACEI and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)
- Blood pressure control
- Delaying/inhibiting the cardiac remodeling [9]
- Treatment with ACEIs or ARBs resulted in
- Significant reduction in colitis severity in:
- 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)
- Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced models UC [9]
- Ang II mediated
- Enhancement of NF?B phosphorylation
- Adhesion molecule expression in the gut [9]
- Mucosal addressin
- MAdCAM-1 [9]
- Serum pro-inflammatory cytokine release
- TNF?, IFN?, IL-1ß [9] [11]
- ACEI or ARB treatment in mice results in
- Reduced colonic epithelial cell apoptosis
- Enhanced expression of the anti-inflammatory IL-10 [11]
- ACE gene polymorphism
- Detected in IBD patients
- Associated with reduced ACE serum levels [9]
- Telmisartan and olmesartan
- Beneficial outcomes
- Act on angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptors
- Decrease angiotensin II action
- Promotes tissue inflammation
- Through up-regulation/activation of NADPH oxidase
- Generation of O2•–
- Activation of NF-kB a poté production of
- Pro-inflammatory cytokines
- Chemokines
- Growth factors
- Adhesion molecules [11]
- Cause inflammation and fibrosis
Sartany
- Valsartan, olmesartan, telmisartan
- Blocks Ang II AT1 receptors
- Partial agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-?) [11]
- Oral treatment with telmisartan (TLM) in rats
- 10 mg/kg bw/d
- 1 week before induced colitis
- +4 days after induced colitis
- Suppressed ROS generation by inhibition of
- NF-kB/p65
- COX2 (cyclooxygenase type 2)
- INOS mRNA expression
- NF-kB/p65 protein colonic expression
- Suppression of lipid peroxidation
- Scavenging of NO•
- Increasing of GSH levels
- Increase of total antioxidant capacity (TAC)
- Increase of SOD and GPx activity [11]
- TLM (1, 3, and 5 mg/kg bw/d) orally
- For 3 days before induction of UC in rats
- Also 2 and 24 h after induction
- 5 mg/kg reduced
- Colonic MPO activity
- Colonic levels of MDA [11]
ACEIs
- Enhanced angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression
- In patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
- Suggesting a role in its pathogenesis [9]
- Anti-inflammatory actions of Ang 1–7 in the pathogenesis of IBD [9]
- Ang II can be converted to smaller peptide products
- One of these, Ang 1–7
- Ang 1-7 can be synthesized:
- From Ang II (via postproline carboxypeptidase)
- From Ang I (via tissue endopeptidases
- Neprilysin
- Prolyl endopeptidase
- Thimet oligopeptidase
- Directly from Ang 1–9
- Following its formation from Ang 1–10 by ACE2
- ACE2
- The main enzyme responsible for Ang 1–7 generation
- Expression has been observed in the gut:
- Epithelial
- Sub-mucosal
- Significant expression in the ileum and the colon [9]
- Ang 1–7
- Only known receptor = the MAS-1 R oncogene G-protein coupled receptor
- Renal function
- Fluid homeostasis
- Vascular tone
- Cardiac contractility
- Remodeling [9]
- Anti-inflammatory effects of Ang 1–7
- In atherosclerosis plaque
- In an arthritic model
- Inhibition of NF?B activity
- Reduction of cytokines
- TNF?, IL-1ß, MCP-1, CXCL1 [9]
- Ang 1–7 treatment reduces
- Intracellular signaling of MAPK family
- P38
- ERK1/2
- JNK [9]
- protein kinase C (PKC)
- C-SRC kinase [9]
- Reduce the severity of allergic inflammation in mice
- Suppressing the activity of
- ERK1/2
- NF?B pathways [9]
- Most of these actions are directly opposed to Ang II-mediated effects
- Beneficial effects of ACEI and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)
- Blood pressure control
- Delaying/inhibiting the cardiac remodeling [9]
- Treatment with ACEIs or ARBs resulted in
- Significant reduction in colitis severity in:
- 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)
- Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced models UC [9]
- Ang II mediated
- Enhancement of NF?B phosphorylation
- Adhesion molecule expression in the gut [9]
- Mucosal addressin
- MAdCAM-1 [9]
- Serum pro-inflammatory cytokine release
- TNF?, IFN?, IL-1ß [9] [11]
- ACEI or ARB treatment in mice results in
- Reduced colonic epithelial cell apoptosis
- Enhanced expression of the anti-inflammatory IL-10 [11]
- ACE gene polymorphism
- Detected in IBD patients
- Associated with reduced ACE serum levels [9]
- Telmisartan and olmesartan
- Beneficial outcomes
- Act on angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptors
- Decrease angiotensin II action
- Promotes tissue inflammation
- Through up-regulation/activation of NADPH oxidase
- Generation of O2•–
- Activation of NF-kB a poté production of
- Pro-inflammatory cytokines
- Chemokines
- Growth factors
- Adhesion molecules [11]
- Cause inflammation and fibrosis
Sartany
- Valsartan, olmesartan, telmisartan
- Blocks Ang II AT1 receptors
- Partial agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-?) [11]
- Oral treatment with telmisartan (TLM) in rats
- 10 mg/kg bw/d
- 1 week before induced colitis
- +4 days after induced colitis
- Suppressed ROS generation by inhibition of
- NF-kB/p65
- COX2 (cyclooxygenase type 2)
- INOS mRNA expression
- NF-kB/p65 protein colonic expression
- Suppression of lipid peroxidation
- Scavenging of NO•
- Increasing of GSH levels
- Increase of total antioxidant capacity (TAC)
- Increase of SOD and GPx activity [11]
- TLM (1, 3, and 5 mg/kg bw/d) orally
- For 3 days before induction of UC in rats
- Also 2 and 24 h after induction
- 5 mg/kg reduced
- Colonic MPO activity
- Colonic levels of MDA [11]
Agaricus subrufescens (agaricus blazei)
- Small clinical study with 21 ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease patients
- Extract of Agaricus subrufescens had an anti-inflammatory effect [20]
- Xu et al. herb-partitioned spread moxibustion for treatment of chronic nonspecific UC
- Extract effect had been better than that of the oral administration of sulfasalazine [20]
- With less adverse reaction [20]
- Sixty cases were randomly divided into
- Spread moxibustion group (n = 28)
- Cured-markedly effective: 71.4% (20/28) in the spread moxibustion group [20]
- Western medicine group (n = 32)
- Cured-markedly effective: 25.0% (8/32) in the western medicine group [20]
Agaricus subrufescens (agaricus blazei)
- Small clinical study with 21 ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease patients
- Extract of Agaricus subrufescens had an anti-inflammatory effect [20]
- Xu et al. herb-partitioned spread moxibustion for treatment of chronic nonspecific UC
- Extract effect had been better than that of the oral administration of sulfasalazine [20]
- With less adverse reaction [20]
- Sixty cases were randomly divided into
- Spread moxibustion group (n = 28)
- Cured-markedly effective: 71.4% (20/28) in the spread moxibustion group [20]
- Western medicine group (n = 32)
- Cured-markedly effective: 25.0% (8/32) in the western medicine group [20]
Agave americana Linn.
- Protective eff. of leaf extract in acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4687229/
Agave americana Linn.
- Protective eff. of leaf extract in acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4687229/
Akupunktura
- Asi redukce stresu obecně
- 2006 study done at the Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg in Germany
- Acupuncture treatment on 29 patients with mild to moderately active ulcerative colitis
- 10 acupuncture sessions over a 10-week period
- Significant improvement in general well-being and quality of life [19]
Akupunktura
- Asi redukce stresu obecně
- 2006 study done at the Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg in Germany
- Acupuncture treatment on 29 patients with mild to moderately active ulcerative colitis
- 10 acupuncture sessions over a 10-week period
- Significant improvement in general well-being and quality of life [19]
Alicaforsen
- First generation antisense oligodeoxynucleotide
- Bind specifically to the human ICAM-1 messenger RNA
- Through Watson-Crick base pair interactions
- Subdue expression of ICAM-1
- Increased expression of ICAM-1 has been observed within the inflamed intestinal mucosa of ulcerative colitis
- ICAM-1 over production correlated with disease activity
Alicaforsen
- First generation antisense oligodeoxynucleotide
- Bind specifically to the human ICAM-1 messenger RNA
- Through Watson-Crick base pair interactions
- Subdue expression of ICAM-1
- Increased expression of ICAM-1 has been observed within the inflamed intestinal mucosa of ulcerative colitis
- ICAM-1 over production correlated with disease activity
Aloe vera barbadensis Miller
- Tropical plant used in traditional medicine
- Studied for its ability to relieve UC
- Mucilaginous aqueous extract of the leaf pulp of
- Aloe vera juice
- Anti-inflammatory activity
- Used by some doctors for patients with UC
- Single most widely used herbal therapy [20]
- A double-blind, randomized trial of aloe vera gel for the treatment of mild-to-moderate active UC
- 2x daily for 4 weeks
- 30 patients took 100 mL of oral aloe vera gel
- 14 patients had 100 mL of a placebo
- Clinical remission, improvement, and response occurred in
- 9 (30%), 11 (37%), 14 (47%) in aloe vera-treated patients
- 1 (7%), 1 (7%), 2 (14%), in placebo controls [20]
- Numbers are similar to placebo responses in other trials and the placebo response rate in UC is very low [20]
- Exact mechanisms of action of aloe vera are unclear
- In vitro studies on human colonic mucosa aloe vera gel could
- Inhibit prostaglandin E2 [20]
- Inhibit IL-8 secretion [20]
- Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory responses [20]
Aloe vera barbadensis Miller
- Tropical plant used in traditional medicine
- Studied for its ability to relieve UC
- Mucilaginous aqueous extract of the leaf pulp of
- Aloe vera juice
- Anti-inflammatory activity
- Used by some doctors for patients with UC
- Single most widely used herbal therapy [20]
- A double-blind, randomized trial of aloe vera gel for the treatment of mild-to-moderate active UC
- 2x daily for 4 weeks
- 30 patients took 100 mL of oral aloe vera gel
- 14 patients had 100 mL of a placebo
- Clinical remission, improvement, and response occurred in
- 9 (30%), 11 (37%), 14 (47%) in aloe vera-treated patients
- 1 (7%), 1 (7%), 2 (14%), in placebo controls [20]
- Numbers are similar to placebo responses in other trials and the placebo response rate in UC is very low [20]
- Exact mechanisms of action of aloe vera are unclear
- In vitro studies on human colonic mucosa aloe vera gel could
- Inhibit prostaglandin E2 [20]
- Inhibit IL-8 secretion [20]
- Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory responses [20]
Aloe vera gel
Aloe vera gel
Amentoflavone
- Also successfully, used for IBD (animal model)
- Tested by oral administration
- Most flavonoids exhibited
- Free radical scavenger ability
- Particularly toward NO• [11]
- Reduced lipid peroxidation
- Promoted an increase in antioxidant defense
- Principally through SOD activity and GSH levels [11]
- Concurrently have pro-oxidative properties
- Some associations with potential toxicity
- Tested in animal models
- Clinical trials are necessary
- In the acute IBD phase
- In the remission phase [11]
Amentoflavone
- Also successfully, used for IBD (animal model)
- Tested by oral administration
- Most flavonoids exhibited
- Free radical scavenger ability
- Particularly toward NO• [11]
- Reduced lipid peroxidation
- Promoted an increase in antioxidant defense
- Principally through SOD activity and GSH levels [11]
- Concurrently have pro-oxidative properties
- Some associations with potential toxicity
- Tested in animal models
- Clinical trials are necessary
- In the acute IBD phase
- In the remission phase [11]
Amino acids
- Glutamine [16]
- Arginine [16]
- tryptophan [16]
- Citrulline [16]
Amino acids
- Glutamine [16]
- Arginine [16]
- tryptophan [16]
- Citrulline [16]
Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa Extract
- Attenuates DSS-Induced Murine Colitis
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4886075/
Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa Extract
- Attenuates DSS-Induced Murine Colitis
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4886075/
Antioxidanty
- Potential benefit from supplementation with antioxidant nutrients and plant extracts
- Preventing oxidative damage
- Restoring normal mucosal barrier function [14]
- Combination of antioxidants and daily dose
- Ranges to reduce intestinal oxidative stress
- Modulate release of inflammatory mediators
- Support normal mucosal permeability
- Eliminate RONS
- Inhibit cell damage
- LP
- protein
- DNA modification [11]
- Improve the activity of antioxidant enzymes
- Can be beneficial
- Associated or not with anti-inflammatory medicines
- Can target multiple molecular pathways
- Have fewer side effects
- Are less expensive
- Have enormous potential in the treatment of UC
- Reduction of its severity
- Decrease in systemic damage [11]
Přehledná tabulka látek, které snižovaly míru oxidačního stresu ve střevě
Antioxidanty
- Potential benefit from supplementation with antioxidant nutrients and plant extracts
- Preventing oxidative damage
- Restoring normal mucosal barrier function [14]
- Combination of antioxidants and daily dose
- Ranges to reduce intestinal oxidative stress
- Modulate release of inflammatory mediators
- Support normal mucosal permeability
- Eliminate RONS
- Inhibit cell damage
- LP
- protein
- DNA modification [11]
- Improve the activity of antioxidant enzymes
- Can be beneficial
- Associated or not with anti-inflammatory medicines
- Can target multiple molecular pathways
- Have fewer side effects
- Are less expensive
- Have enormous potential in the treatment of UC
- Reduction of its severity
- Decrease in systemic damage [11]
Přehledná tabulka látek, které snižovaly míru oxidačního stresu ve střevě
Anti-TNF agents
- Have been shown to restore barrier function in CD patients [15]
- Can ameliorate intestinal permeability [16]
Anti-TNF agents
- Have been shown to restore barrier function in CD patients [15]
- Can ameliorate intestinal permeability [16]
Arenga engleri extracts
- decrease paracellular flux
- Increase TEER [11]
Arenga engleri extracts
- decrease paracellular flux
- Increase TEER [11]
Artichoke leaf extract
Artichoke leaf extract
Autophagy
- Also involved in the regulation of TJs by degradation of a pore-forming claudin
- Linking autophagy to permeability [16]
Autophagy
- Also involved in the regulation of TJs by degradation of a pore-forming claudin
- Linking autophagy to permeability [16]
AvrA
- Secreted by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium
- Improve the integrity of the intestinal barrier [11]
- Salmonella strains expressing AvrA stabilize TJ
- Despite the presence of effectors known to disrupt TJ
- AvrA seems to target the expression of ZO-1 and occludin
- But not claudin
- Claudin abundance is reduced
- Its localization limited to the cytosol [11]
AvrA
- Secreted by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium
- Improve the integrity of the intestinal barrier [11]
- Salmonella strains expressing AvrA stabilize TJ
- Despite the presence of effectors known to disrupt TJ
- AvrA seems to target the expression of ZO-1 and occludin
- But not claudin
- Claudin abundance is reduced
- Its localization limited to the cytosol [11]
Berberine
- Rhizome of Coptidis japonica
- Stem bark of Mahonia aquifolium
- Antioxidant action in TNBS-induced experimental colitis
- Reduction of RONS synthesis
- Decreasing expression of COX2 and iNOS and MPO activity [11]
- Decrease of MDA levels
- Stimulation of SOD and CAT activities
- Increase of GSH content [11]
Berberine
- Rhizome of Coptidis japonica
- Stem bark of Mahonia aquifolium
- Antioxidant action in TNBS-induced experimental colitis
- Reduction of RONS synthesis
- Decreasing expression of COX2 and iNOS and MPO activity [11]
- Decrease of MDA levels
- Stimulation of SOD and CAT activities
- Increase of GSH content [11]
Beta - Lactoglobulin (from skim milk)
- Increases TEER across Caco-2 monolayers
- TJ are destabilized by culturing in serum free media
- PKC-mediated signal pathways
- PKC inhibitor before adding ß-lactoglobulin reduces the TEER increase
Beta - Lactoglobulin (from skim milk)
- Increases TEER across Caco-2 monolayers
- TJ are destabilized by culturing in serum free media
- PKC-mediated signal pathways
- PKC inhibitor before adding ß-lactoglobulin reduces the TEER increase
Bifidobacteria
- Produce acetic acid
- Strong bactericidal action
- Impedes the growth or colonization of harmful bacteria within the colon [10]
- Immune system modulation
Bifidobacterium infantis
- Beneficially modulate immune system [10]
- Supports the maintenance of colonic integrity against chronic inflammatory processes
- Significant in preserving all colonic morphological components in the animal model of ulcerative colitis [10]
Bifidobacteria
- Produce acetic acid
- Strong bactericidal action
- Impedes the growth or colonization of harmful bacteria within the colon [10]
- Immune system modulation
Bifidobacterium infantis
- Beneficially modulate immune system [10]
- Supports the maintenance of colonic integrity against chronic inflammatory processes
- Significant in preserving all colonic morphological components in the animal model of ulcerative colitis [10]
Bifidobacterium
Bifidobacterium infantis Y1
- From the probiotic product VSL#3
- Increase in ZO-1 [11]
- Increase in occludin protein expression [11]
- Reducing claudin-2 [11]
- Increase the TEER in cultured epithelial monolayers
- Promote MAPK-dependent pathways
Bifidobacterium breve Yakult
- In 42 children undergoing cancer chemotherapy
- Fever and use of intravenous ATB were lower in the probiotic group versus placebo
- Incidence of Enterobacteriaceae overgrowth was lower in the probiotic group
- Only the probiotic group maintained normal fecal organic acid and pH levels [14]
Bifidobacterium
Bifidobacterium infantis Y1
- From the probiotic product VSL#3
- Increase in ZO-1 [11]
- Increase in occludin protein expression [11]
- Reducing claudin-2 [11]
- Increase the TEER in cultured epithelial monolayers
- Promote MAPK-dependent pathways
Bifidobacterium breve Yakult
- In 42 children undergoing cancer chemotherapy
- Fever and use of intravenous ATB were lower in the probiotic group versus placebo
- Incidence of Enterobacteriaceae overgrowth was lower in the probiotic group
- Only the probiotic group maintained normal fecal organic acid and pH levels [14]
Black tea (Camellia sinensis)
- Decrease paracellular flux
- Increase TEER [11]
Black tea (Camellia sinensis)
- Decrease paracellular flux
- Increase TEER [11]
BMP
BMP
Bone-marrow derived cells
- Could promote the regeneration of damaged epithelia in the human intestinal tract [22]
Bone-marrow derived cells
- Could promote the regeneration of damaged epithelia in the human intestinal tract [22]
Boswellia serrata
- Indian frankincense
- Ayurvedic herb derived from the resin of the plant [20]
- Used traditionally to treat UC
- Boswellic acid
- The major constituent of Boswellia [20]
- In vitro studies and animal models
- Inhibit 5-lipoxygenase selectively
- Anti-inflammatory
- Antiarthritic effects [20]
- Treatment of UC have proven a positive result
- Directly inhibit intestinal motility
- Involving L-type Ca2+ channels
- Reduce chemically induced edema and inflammation in the intestine in rodents [20]
- Gupta et al studied the treatment of 30 patients with chronic UC
- 20 patients a Boswellia gum preparation (900 mg daily divided into 3 doses for 6 weeks)
- 10 patients sulfasalazine (3 gm daily divided into 3 doses for 6 weeks)
- Boswellia was an effective treatment with few side effects:
- 14 out of the 20 patients treated went into remission
- 18 out of the 20 patients found an improvement in one or more parameters
- Group taking sulfasalazine
- 4 out of 10 went into remission
- 6 out of 10 showed improvement in one or more parameters [20]
- In animal models of inflammation
- Shown to be effective against Crohn's disease, UC, and ileitis [20]
Boswellia serrata
- Indian frankincense
- Ayurvedic herb derived from the resin of the plant [20]
- Used traditionally to treat UC
- Boswellic acid
- The major constituent of Boswellia [20]
- In vitro studies and animal models
- Inhibit 5-lipoxygenase selectively
- Anti-inflammatory
- Antiarthritic effects [20]
- Treatment of UC have proven a positive result
- Directly inhibit intestinal motility
- Involving L-type Ca2+ channels
- Reduce chemically induced edema and inflammation in the intestine in rodents [20]
- Gupta et al studied the treatment of 30 patients with chronic UC
- 20 patients a Boswellia gum preparation (900 mg daily divided into 3 doses for 6 weeks)
- 10 patients sulfasalazine (3 gm daily divided into 3 doses for 6 weeks)
- Boswellia was an effective treatment with few side effects:
- 14 out of the 20 patients treated went into remission
- 18 out of the 20 patients found an improvement in one or more parameters
- Group taking sulfasalazine
- 4 out of 10 went into remission
- 6 out of 10 showed improvement in one or more parameters [20]
- In animal models of inflammation
- Shown to be effective against Crohn's disease, UC, and ileitis [20]
Bromelain
- Studied for use as a supplement for IBD, especially UC
- Pineapple's “active” component [20]
- May help relieve the inflammation associated with UC
- Anti-inflammatory effect via proteolytic activity
- On T-cell activation
- Cytokine secretion in vitro and in murine models of IBD in vivo.
- Hyaluronan receptor CD44 associated with
- Leukocyte migration
- Induction of pro-inflammatory mediators [20]
- Immunomodulatory
- Hormone-like activity
- Intracellular signaling pathways [20]
- Reduce cell surface receptors
- Significantly reduce CD4+ T-cell infiltrations
- Primary effectors in animal models of inflammation in the gut [20]
- Effective in improvement of clinical and histologic severity of colonic inflammation
- In a murine colitis model of IL-10-deficient mice [20]
- Clinical trial with bromelain in the treatment of mild UC
- 2 patients were unable to achieve remission on standard therapy
- Clinical and endoscopic evidence of improvement was documented [20]
Bromelain
- Studied for use as a supplement for IBD, especially UC
- Pineapple's “active” component [20]
- May help relieve the inflammation associated with UC
- Anti-inflammatory effect via proteolytic activity
- On T-cell activation
- Cytokine secretion in vitro and in murine models of IBD in vivo.
- Hyaluronan receptor CD44 associated with
- Leukocyte migration
- Induction of pro-inflammatory mediators [20]
- Immunomodulatory
- Hormone-like activity
- Intracellular signaling pathways [20]
- Reduce cell surface receptors
- Significantly reduce CD4+ T-cell infiltrations
- Primary effectors in animal models of inflammation in the gut [20]
- Effective in improvement of clinical and histologic severity of colonic inflammation
- In a murine colitis model of IL-10-deficient mice [20]
- Clinical trial with bromelain in the treatment of mild UC
- 2 patients were unable to achieve remission on standard therapy
- Clinical and endoscopic evidence of improvement was documented [20]
Butyrate
- By colonic bacteria
- Enhances the intestinal barrier by facilitating TJ assembly [11]
- Produced by intestinal microbial fermentation of dietary fibres [16]
- Stimulates mucus production and expression of TJs in vitro
- Wider range of action is expected [16]
- Crucial for general homeostasis of enterocytes
- Its deficiency, measured as faecal concentrations
- Indirect indicator of altered barrier function [16]
- Topical butyrate had proved efficacy in refractory distal UC [16]
- Important energy source for intestinal epithelial cells [14]
- Inhibit inflammation [14]
- Reduce oxidative stress [14]
- Maintain normal barrier function of the colonic mucosa [14]
Butyrate enema
- Energy source foro colonoctes
- Inadequate butyrate levels in the lower intestine have been suggested as a contributing factor for the disease
- Results however are not conclusive [5]
- Role in the maintenance of colonic homeostasis [20]
- Some studies have shown that the topical use of butyrate may help decrease the inflammation in the colon [20]
- Decreased oxidation of butyrate in UC patients
- Could be caused by TNF-? at concentrations found in inflamed human mucosa [20]
- Anti-inflammatory effect of butyrate confirmed in several in vitro and in vivo studies
- Via NF-?B inhibition decreased:
- Concentrations of myloperoxidase
- Cyclo-oxygenase-2
- Adhesion molecules
- Different cytokine levels [20]
- A diminished capacity of the intestinal mucosa to oxidize butyrate
- Reported in patients with active UC [20]
- Administration of enteric-coated tablets (4 g of butyrate daily) in combination with mesalazine vs mesalazine alone
- Significantly improved the disease activity score in patients with mild-to-moderate UC [20]
Butyrate enema
- Energy source foro colonoctes
- Inadequate butyrate levels in the lower intestine have been suggested as a contributing factor for the disease
- Results however are not conclusive [5]
- Role in the maintenance of colonic homeostasis [20]
- Some studies have shown that the topical use of butyrate may help decrease the inflammation in the colon [20]
- Decreased oxidation of butyrate in UC patients
- Could be caused by TNF-? at concentrations found in inflamed human mucosa [20]
- Anti-inflammatory effect of butyrate confirmed in several in vitro and in vivo studies
- Via NF-?B inhibition decreased:
- Concentrations of myloperoxidase
- Cyclo-oxygenase-2
- Adhesion molecules
- Different cytokine levels [20]
- A diminished capacity of the intestinal mucosa to oxidize butyrate
- Reported in patients with active UC [20]
- Administration of enteric-coated tablets (4 g of butyrate daily) in combination with mesalazine vs mesalazine alone
- Significantly improved the disease activity score in patients with mild-to-moderate UC [20]
Butyrate-producing bacteria
- Supplementation with butyrate-producing species or probiotics
- Efficacy in experimental models ::[16]
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
- UC patients have reduced [16]
Butyrate-producing bacteria
- Supplementation with butyrate-producing species or probiotics
- Efficacy in experimental models ::[16]
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
- UC patients have reduced [16]
Butyrate
- By colonic bacteria
- Enhances the intestinal barrier by facilitating TJ assembly [11]
- Produced by intestinal microbial fermentation of dietary fibres [16]
- Stimulates mucus production and expression of TJs in vitro
- Wider range of action is expected [16]
- Crucial for general homeostasis of enterocytes
- Its deficiency, measured as faecal concentrations
- Indirect indicator of altered barrier function [16]
- Topical butyrate had proved efficacy in refractory distal UC [16]
- Important energy source for intestinal epithelial cells [14]
- Inhibit inflammation [14]
- Reduce oxidative stress [14]
- Maintain normal barrier function of the colonic mucosa [14]
Camel's milk (CM)
- Might represent a potential candidate for pharmacological efficacy on IBD
- Minimal adverse reactions
- Different from other ruminant milk
- High content in
- Lower content
- fat
- cholesterol
- protein
- sugar [11]
- Relatively large amount of
- Polyunsaturated fatty acids
- Linoleic acids [11]
- Help immune-deficient patients
- Malabsorption syndrome has been identified as potential trigger for symptoms of IBD [11]
- CM is rich in lactoferrin
- Marked antioxidant
- Anti-inflammatory properties
- 10 mL/kg.bw/d
- One week before colitis induction (c.i.)
- The 4th day post c.i. by TNBS in rats
- Attenuation of colon injury was observed
- Reduction of lipid peroxides (MDA), NO• and MPO activity
- Boosting levels of GSH and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) [11]
Camel's milk (CM)
- Might represent a potential candidate for pharmacological efficacy on IBD
- Minimal adverse reactions
- Different from other ruminant milk
- High content in
- Lower content
- fat
- cholesterol
- protein
- sugar [11]
- Relatively large amount of
- Polyunsaturated fatty acids
- Linoleic acids [11]
- Help immune-deficient patients
- Malabsorption syndrome has been identified as potential trigger for symptoms of IBD [11]
- CM is rich in lactoferrin
- Marked antioxidant
- Anti-inflammatory properties
- 10 mL/kg.bw/d
- One week before colitis induction (c.i.)
- The 4th day post c.i. by TNBS in rats
- Attenuation of colon injury was observed
- Reduction of lipid peroxides (MDA), NO• and MPO activity
- Boosting levels of GSH and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) [11]
Cannabis sativa
- Cannabigerol
- Cannabidiol
- Present non-psychothropic actions
- Antioxidant activities
- Scavenger of RONS
- Decrease of iNOS expression [11]
Cannabis sativa
- Cannabigerol
- Cannabidiol
- Present non-psychothropic actions
- Antioxidant activities
- Scavenger of RONS
- Decrease of iNOS expression [11]
Casein peptide Asn-Pro-Trp-Asp-Gln
- Increases TEER in Caco-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner
- Increased levels of occludin gene and protein expression
- Feeding diabetes-prone rats hydrolyzed casein
- Decreased intestinal permeability
- Reduced lactulose uptake [11]
- Ex vivo ileal samples
- Increased level of ileal claudin-1 gene expression
- Increased TEER [11]
Casein peptide Asn-Pro-Trp-Asp-Gln
- Increases TEER in Caco-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner
- Increased levels of occludin gene and protein expression
- Feeding diabetes-prone rats hydrolyzed casein
- Decreased intestinal permeability
- Reduced lactulose uptake [11]
- Ex vivo ileal samples
- Increased level of ileal claudin-1 gene expression
- Increased TEER [11]
Catechin class
- Polyphenols derived from the green tea
- (–)-epi-gallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) fraction
- Up to 30% of the dry weight of green tea leaves
- Green tee
- Consists of >2000 components
- EGCG
- Quercetin
- (–)-epi-gallocatechin (EGC)
- (–)-epi-catechin gallate (ECG)
- (–)-epi-catechin (EC)
- All of which have potent antioxidant properties [11]
- Per-acetylated EGCG (AcEGCG)
- Was synthesized
- Tested in colitis [11]
- Dietary consumption of AcEGCG
- Demonstrated to be more effective than EGCG in preventing DSS-induced colitis
- Antioxidant action of EGCC
- Activation of Nrf2 signaling [11]
Catechin class
- Polyphenols derived from the green tea
- (–)-epi-gallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) fraction
- Up to 30% of the dry weight of green tea leaves
- Green tee
- Consists of >2000 components
- EGCG
- Quercetin
- (–)-epi-gallocatechin (EGC)
- (–)-epi-catechin gallate (ECG)
- (–)-epi-catechin (EC)
- All of which have potent antioxidant properties [11]
- Per-acetylated EGCG (AcEGCG)
- Was synthesized
- Tested in colitis [11]
- Dietary consumption of AcEGCG
- Demonstrated to be more effective than EGCG in preventing DSS-induced colitis
- Antioxidant action of EGCC
- Activation of Nrf2 signaling [11]
Celastrol - tripterine
- Extracted from the root of traditional Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F
- Potent anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities
- Effects of celastrol on ulcerative colitis-related colorectal cancer (UC-CRC)
- UC-CRC model on C57BL/6 mice
- Azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induced collitis
- Colonic tumor xenograft developed in BALB/c-nu mice by s.c. inj. of HCT116 and HT-29 cells [12]
- Intragastric administration of celastrol (2 mg/kg/d) for 14 weeks
- Significantly increased the survival ratio
- Reduced the multiplicity of colonic neoplasms
- Prevented AOM/DSS-induced up-regulation of expression levels of oncologic markers
- Mutated p53
- Phospho-p53
- ß-catenin
- Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) [12]
- Inhibited inflammatory responses
- Decrease of serum TNF-alfa, IL -1ß, IL-6
- Down-regulation of COX-2 and iNOS
- Inactivation of NF-?B [12]
- Suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
- Up-regulating E-cadherin
- Down-regulating N-cadherin
- Down-r. Vimentin and Snail [12]
- Inhibited human CRC cell proliferation
- Attenuated colonic xenograft tumor growth
- Reversing EMT [12]
- Significant activities in the treatment of chronic inflammatory, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases [12]
- Ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice [12]
- Celastrol induces apoptosis in human CRC cells
- Up-regulation of death receptors and ß-catenin pathway
- Suppresses invasion
- Down-regulation of CXCR4 chemokine receptor [12]
- Colitis was induced in mice by 5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water for 4days [13]
- Celastrol was administered intraperitoneally (1mg/kg) for 7days after colitis was induced
- Treatment ameliorated the severity of colitis:
- Decreased the level of interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6 and myeloperoxidase (MPO)
- Upregulated the level of E-cadherin
- Decreased necrotic cell death
- Decreased level of necroptosis factors RIP3 and MLKL [13]
- Increased level of active caspase-8 [13]
Celastrol - tripterine
- Extracted from the root of traditional Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F
- Potent anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities
- Effects of celastrol on ulcerative colitis-related colorectal cancer (UC-CRC)
- UC-CRC model on C57BL/6 mice
- Azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induced collitis
- Colonic tumor xenograft developed in BALB/c-nu mice by s.c. inj. of HCT116 and HT-29 cells [12]
- Intragastric administration of celastrol (2 mg/kg/d) for 14 weeks
- Significantly increased the survival ratio
- Reduced the multiplicity of colonic neoplasms
- Prevented AOM/DSS-induced up-regulation of expression levels of oncologic markers
- Mutated p53
- Phospho-p53
- ß-catenin
- Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) [12]
- Inhibited inflammatory responses
- Decrease of serum TNF-alfa, IL -1ß, IL-6
- Down-regulation of COX-2 and iNOS
- Inactivation of NF-?B [12]
- Suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
- Up-regulating E-cadherin
- Down-regulating N-cadherin
- Down-r. Vimentin and Snail [12]
- Inhibited human CRC cell proliferation
- Attenuated colonic xenograft tumor growth
- Reversing EMT [12]
- Significant activities in the treatment of chronic inflammatory, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases [12]
- Ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice [12]
- Celastrol induces apoptosis in human CRC cells
- Up-regulation of death receptors and ß-catenin pathway
- Suppresses invasion
- Down-regulation of CXCR4 chemokine receptor [12]
- Colitis was induced in mice by 5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water for 4days [13]
- Celastrol was administered intraperitoneally (1mg/kg) for 7days after colitis was induced
- Treatment ameliorated the severity of colitis:
- Decreased the level of interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6 and myeloperoxidase (MPO)
- Upregulated the level of E-cadherin
- Decreased necrotic cell death
- Decreased level of necroptosis factors RIP3 and MLKL [13]
- Increased level of active caspase-8 [13]
Colostrum
Colostrum
Copaifera langsdorffii
- Oil-resin (ORCL)
- Its diterpene constituent, kaurenoic acid (KA)
- In rat models of UC induced by acetic acid (AA-UC) [20]
- Intestinal anti-inflammatory potential [20]
Copaifera langsdorffii
- Oil-resin (ORCL)
- Its diterpene constituent, kaurenoic acid (KA)
- In rat models of UC induced by acetic acid (AA-UC) [20]
- Intestinal anti-inflammatory potential [20]
Coumarins
Coumarins
- Represent an important class of phenolic compounds
- Inhibition of lipid peroxidation
- Inhibition of neutrophil-dependent anion superoxide generation
- Other anti-inflammatory and immune suppressor actions
- Beneficial use in the treatment of IBD [21]
- Coumarin and its derivative, the 4-hydroxycoumarin
- Significantly attenuated the colonic damage
- Induced by trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid in rats
- Improvement in the colonic oxidative status
- Prevented the glutathione depletion as a consequence of the colonic inflammation [21]
Coumarins
Coumarins
- Represent an important class of phenolic compounds
- Inhibition of lipid peroxidation
- Inhibition of neutrophil-dependent anion superoxide generation
- Other anti-inflammatory and immune suppressor actions
- Beneficial use in the treatment of IBD [21]
- Coumarin and its derivative, the 4-hydroxycoumarin
- Significantly attenuated the colonic damage
- Induced by trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid in rats
- Improvement in the colonic oxidative status
- Prevented the glutathione depletion as a consequence of the colonic inflammation [21]
Curcumin (turmeric)
- Potent immunomodulator
- Able to reduce acrylamide-induced injury in HepG2 cells
- Partly inhibits the fibrogenic evolution oxidative stress in the steatotic mouse liver in vivo
- Efficacious in experimental colitis
- Eff. in colonic inflammation in multidrug-resistant mice with IBD
- Should be used at moderate doses
- At high doses it can enhance oxidative stress
- curcumin is rapidly cleared and conjugated
- May limit its therapeutic effectiveness as a single agent [10]
Curcumin
- And quercetin, naringenin or hesperetin led, collectively, to restoring DSS-induced colitis, at least in part
- Through regulation of the colonic and tight junction (TJ) barriers [11]
- A hydrophobic polyphenol
- Major representative of curcuminoids
- Main chemical constituents of the spice turmeric, and in curry powder
- Turmeric
- From the root of Curcuma longa
- A member of the ginger family
- Native to India and Southeast Asia
- Used to treat in Indian Ayurvedic medicine for at least 4000 years, as well as in Chinese, Arabic and other traditional medicines
- Broad range of common ailments, especially inflammatory diseases
- As an oral and topical medicine
- Beneficial effects on IBD were observed
- In animal models
- In vitro assays
- In clinical trials
- The main effects attributed to curcumin are related to
- Anti-inflammatory
- Anticancer activities
- curcumin
- Alone
- With Gingko biloba
- With aminoguanidine
- Show important antioxidant effects
- Decrease of LP
- Decrease of RONS production
- Increase of antioxidant enzymes
- Results confirm that curcumin is a potential new treatment for IBD [11]
- Many patients were able to stop taking corticosteroids because their condition improved so dramatically by taking curcumin. [19]
- For many patients with ulcerative colitis, taking corticosteroids reduces their pain symptoms but damages the intestinal lining over time, which actually makes the condition worse. [19]
- Supplementing with curcumin did not have these side effects, helped heal the gut and supported the growth of good bacteria. [19]
- According to the University of Maryland Medical Center, powerful turmeric benefits may help people with ulcerative colitis stay in remission. [19]
- In one double-blind, placebo-controlled study:
- Curcumin is a compound in turmeric (Curcuma longa)
- Anti-inflammatory activity
- Induce the flow of bile
- Helps break down fats
- Reduce the secretion of acid from the stomach
- Protect against injuries such as inflammation along the stomach (gastritis)
- Protects intestinal walls and ulcers from certain medications, stress, or alcohol
- In a preliminary trial, 5 of 5 people with chronic UC
- Improvement in their disease after supplementing with curcumin
- 550 mg 2x denně 1 month
- Followed by 550 mg 3 times a day for 1 month [20]
- Curcumin inhibits the activation of NF-?B
- NF-?B promotes the synthesis of many antioxidant enzymes
- Curcumin directly binds to thioredoxin reductase
- Irreversibly changes its activity from an antioxidant to a strong pro-oxidant.
- Randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial from Japan to study curcumin's effect on UC maintenance [20]:
- 97 patients vstoupili
- 89 patients who completed the study
- Standard dose of mesalamine / sulfasalazine + 1 g of curcumin / placebo 2x denně 6 months
- Followed for another 6 months off study medications
- The relapse rate at 6 months on therapy
Curcumin (turmeric)
- Potent immunomodulator
- Able to reduce acrylamide-induced injury in HepG2 cells
- Partly inhibits the fibrogenic evolution oxidative stress in the steatotic mouse liver in vivo
- Efficacious in experimental colitis
- Eff. in colonic inflammation in multidrug-resistant mice with IBD
- Should be used at moderate doses
- At high doses it can enhance oxidative stress
- curcumin is rapidly cleared and conjugated
- May limit its therapeutic effectiveness as a single agent [10]
Curcumin
- And quercetin, naringenin or hesperetin led, collectively, to restoring DSS-induced colitis, at least in part
- Through regulation of the colonic and tight junction (TJ) barriers [11]
- A hydrophobic polyphenol
- Major representative of curcuminoids
- Main chemical constituents of the spice turmeric, and in curry powder
- Turmeric
- From the root of Curcuma longa
- A member of the ginger family
- Native to India and Southeast Asia
- Used to treat in Indian Ayurvedic medicine for at least 4000 years, as well as in Chinese, Arabic and other traditional medicines
- Broad range of common ailments, especially inflammatory diseases
- As an oral and topical medicine
- Beneficial effects on IBD were observed
- In animal models
- In vitro assays
- In clinical trials
- The main effects attributed to curcumin are related to
- Anti-inflammatory
- Anticancer activities
- curcumin
- Alone
- With Gingko biloba
- With aminoguanidine
- Show important antioxidant effects
- Decrease of LP
- Decrease of RONS production
- Increase of antioxidant enzymes
- Results confirm that curcumin is a potential new treatment for IBD [11]
- Many patients were able to stop taking corticosteroids because their condition improved so dramatically by taking curcumin. [19]
- For many patients with ulcerative colitis, taking corticosteroids reduces their pain symptoms but damages the intestinal lining over time, which actually makes the condition worse. [19]
- Supplementing with curcumin did not have these side effects, helped heal the gut and supported the growth of good bacteria. [19]
- According to the University of Maryland Medical Center, powerful turmeric benefits may help people with ulcerative colitis stay in remission. [19]
- In one double-blind, placebo-controlled study:
- Curcumin is a compound in turmeric (Curcuma longa)
- Anti-inflammatory activity
- Induce the flow of bile
- Helps break down fats
- Reduce the secretion of acid from the stomach
- Protect against injuries such as inflammation along the stomach (gastritis)
- Protects intestinal walls and ulcers from certain medications, stress, or alcohol
- In a preliminary trial, 5 of 5 people with chronic UC
- Improvement in their disease after supplementing with curcumin
- 550 mg 2x denně 1 month
- Followed by 550 mg 3 times a day for 1 month [20]
- Curcumin inhibits the activation of NF-?B
- NF-?B promotes the synthesis of many antioxidant enzymes
- Curcumin directly binds to thioredoxin reductase
- Irreversibly changes its activity from an antioxidant to a strong pro-oxidant.
- Randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial from Japan to study curcumin's effect on UC maintenance [20]:
- 97 patients vstoupili
- 89 patients who completed the study
- Standard dose of mesalamine / sulfasalazine + 1 g of curcumin / placebo 2x denně 6 months
- Followed for another 6 months off study medications
- The relapse rate at 6 months on therapy
Devil's claw
Devil's claw
Elementární výživa
- U Crohnovy choroby vede ke snížení SP [7] [16]
Elementární výživa
- U Crohnovy choroby vede ke snížení SP [7] [16]
Epigallocatechin gallate
- Predominant polyphenol in green tea
- Incubated with T84 monolayers does not affect epithelial permeability
- Concomitantly with IFN? prevents IFN?-induced:
- Decrease in TEER
- Increase in paracellular flux [11]
Epigallocatechin gallate
- Predominant polyphenol in green tea
- Incubated with T84 monolayers does not affect epithelial permeability
- Concomitantly with IFN? prevents IFN?-induced:
- Decrease in TEER
- Increase in paracellular flux [11]
Epithelial growth factor
- Prevents TJ disruption caused by hydrogen peroxide
- Via a MAPK pathway [11]
Epithelial growth factor
- Prevents TJ disruption caused by hydrogen peroxide
- Via a MAPK pathway [11]
Escherichia coli Nissle 1917
- Nonpathogenic Gram-negative strain EcN 1917 (O6:K5:H1)
- Isolated in 1917 by Prof. Alfred Nissle from Freiburg, Germany, in 1917
- From the intestinal microflora of a young soldier
- Who did not develop infectious diarrhea during World War I in Southeastern Europe (Dobrudja/Balkan peninsula)during endemy of Shigella [18]
- Microbial drug Mutaflor® (Ardeypharm GmbH, Herdecke, Germany and EcN, Cadigroup, In Italy) [18]
- Used in many gastrointestinal disorder including
- Diarrhea
- Uncomplicated diverticular disease
- UC
- The only probiotic recommended in ECCO guidelines as effective alternative to mesalazine in maintenance of remission in UC patients [18]
- Found to reduce increased intestinal permeability [1] [16]
- Leaky gut was also improved [10]
- Human fecal isolate
- Widely used probiotic
- Increased expression of ZO-2 protein [11]
- Redistribution of ZO-2 from the cytosol to cell boundaries in vitro [11]
- PKC?-dependent signaling pathway
- Reduce epithelial barrier disruption caused by EPEC
- Reduce phosphorylation of PKC? [11]
- The only PKC isotype located in the TJ complex
- Activation by fosforylation of PKC? leads to
- Phosphorylation of ZO-2
- Its removal from the TJ and cytoskeleton
- Zvýšená SP [11]
- Redistribute PKC? away from the cell boundaries to the cytosol
- Reducing ZO-2-PKC? colocalization and allowing
- Proper formation of TJ
- Association of ZO-2 with the cytoskeleton [11]
- Mediate up-regulation of ZO-1 expression in murine IECs [17]
- Inhibitory effect towards other pathogenic E. coli [18]
- Lack of defined virulence factors
- Alpha-hemolysin
- P-fimbrial adhesins, etc. [18]
- Expression of fitness factors:
- Microcins
- Different iron uptake systems
- Enterobactin
- Yersiniabactin
- Aerobactin
- Salmochelin
- Ferric dicitrate transport system
- Chu heme transport locus [18]
- Support its survival and efficacious colonization of the human gut
- Adhesins
- Proteases
- Contribute to the probiotic character of EcN 1917 [18]
- Semi-rough lipopolysaccharide (LPS) phenotype
- Does not produce known toxins
- Colonizes the intestine within few days
- Remains as colonic flora for months after administration [18]
- Intestinal anti-inflammatory effect
- Also systemic effects [18]
- Direct antimicrobial effects - inhibits:
- EHEC (E. coli EDL933) colonization in animal models
- Synthesis of Shiga-Toxins in co-cultivation experiment with STEC (Shiga-Toxin producing E. coli)
- Expresses F1C Fimbria
- Very important in the formation of biofilm, adherence to epithelial cells and persistence [18]
- Flagellum
- “propulsor” in vivo - efficiently compete with pathogens for binding sites on host tissue [18]
- Directly stimulates defensin production by intestinal epithelial cells
- Human beta-defensin
- Inhibits adhesion and invasion of intestinal cells by pathogenic adherent invasive E. coli
- Key role as trigger in immune response in IBD patients [18]
- Strengthens tight junctions of intestinal epithelial cells
- Up-regulating the expression of the mRNA for the zonula occludens proteins ZO-1 and ZO-2
- Effect on the repair of the “leaky gut” [18]
- Decreasing in pro-inflammatory cytokines
- IL-2
- TNF-alpha
- IFNgamma
- Increasing in anti-inflammatory cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro
- May reduce the expansion of newly recruited T cells into the intestinal mucosa
- Decrease intestinal inflammation
- Doesn’t affect activated tissue-bound T cells
- May eliminate deleterious antigens in order to maintain immunological homeostasis
- Specific LPS
- Immunogenicity, without major immunotoxic properties at doses suggested [18]
- Microcins
- Enable Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) to limit the expansion of
- Competing Enterobacteriaceae (including pathogens and pathobionts) during intestinal inflammation
- Commensal E. coli
- Adherent-invasive E. coli
- Related pathogen Salmonella enterica [19]
- Cross outer and inner membranes of Gram-negative bacteria and supress transkription etc.
Escherichia coli Nissle 1917
- Nonpathogenic Gram-negative strain EcN 1917 (O6:K5:H1)
- Isolated in 1917 by Prof. Alfred Nissle from Freiburg, Germany, in 1917
- From the intestinal microflora of a young soldier
- Who did not develop infectious diarrhea during World War I in Southeastern Europe (Dobrudja/Balkan peninsula)during endemy of Shigella [18]
- Microbial drug Mutaflor® (Ardeypharm GmbH, Herdecke, Germany and EcN, Cadigroup, In Italy) [18]
- Used in many gastrointestinal disorder including
- Diarrhea
- Uncomplicated diverticular disease
- UC
- The only probiotic recommended in ECCO guidelines as effective alternative to mesalazine in maintenance of remission in UC patients [18]
- Found to reduce increased intestinal permeability [1] [16]
- Leaky gut was also improved [10]
- Human fecal isolate
- Widely used probiotic
- Increased expression of ZO-2 protein [11]
- Redistribution of ZO-2 from the cytosol to cell boundaries in vitro [11]
- PKC?-dependent signaling pathway
- Reduce epithelial barrier disruption caused by EPEC
- Reduce phosphorylation of PKC? [11]
- The only PKC isotype located in the TJ complex
- Activation by fosforylation of PKC? leads to
- Phosphorylation of ZO-2
- Its removal from the TJ and cytoskeleton
- Zvýšená SP [11]
- Redistribute PKC? away from the cell boundaries to the cytosol
- Reducing ZO-2-PKC? colocalization and allowing
- Proper formation of TJ
- Association of ZO-2 with the cytoskeleton [11]
- Mediate up-regulation of ZO-1 expression in murine IECs [17]
- Inhibitory effect towards other pathogenic E. coli [18]
- Lack of defined virulence factors
- Alpha-hemolysin
- P-fimbrial adhesins, etc. [18]
- Expression of fitness factors:
- Microcins
- Different iron uptake systems
- Enterobactin
- Yersiniabactin
- Aerobactin
- Salmochelin
- Ferric dicitrate transport system
- Chu heme transport locus [18]
- Support its survival and efficacious colonization of the human gut
- Adhesins
- Proteases
- Contribute to the probiotic character of EcN 1917 [18]
- Semi-rough lipopolysaccharide (LPS) phenotype
- Does not produce known toxins
- Colonizes the intestine within few days
- Remains as colonic flora for months after administration [18]
- Intestinal anti-inflammatory effect
- Also systemic effects [18]
- Direct antimicrobial effects - inhibits:
- EHEC (E. coli EDL933) colonization in animal models
- Synthesis of Shiga-Toxins in co-cultivation experiment with STEC (Shiga-Toxin producing E. coli)
- Expresses F1C Fimbria
- Very important in the formation of biofilm, adherence to epithelial cells and persistence [18]
- Flagellum
- “propulsor” in vivo - efficiently compete with pathogens for binding sites on host tissue [18]
- Directly stimulates defensin production by intestinal epithelial cells
- Human beta-defensin
- Inhibits adhesion and invasion of intestinal cells by pathogenic adherent invasive E. coli
- Key role as trigger in immune response in IBD patients [18]
- Strengthens tight junctions of intestinal epithelial cells
- Up-regulating the expression of the mRNA for the zonula occludens proteins ZO-1 and ZO-2
- Effect on the repair of the “leaky gut” [18]
- Decreasing in pro-inflammatory cytokines
- IL-2
- TNF-alpha
- IFNgamma
- Increasing in anti-inflammatory cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro
- May reduce the expansion of newly recruited T cells into the intestinal mucosa
- Decrease intestinal inflammation
- Doesn’t affect activated tissue-bound T cells
- May eliminate deleterious antigens in order to maintain immunological homeostasis
- Specific LPS
- Immunogenicity, without major immunotoxic properties at doses suggested [18]
- Microcins
- Enable Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) to limit the expansion of
- Competing Enterobacteriaceae (including pathogens and pathobionts) during intestinal inflammation
- Commensal E. coli
- Adherent-invasive E. coli
- Related pathogen Salmonella enterica [19]
- Cross outer and inner membranes of Gram-negative bacteria and supress transkription etc.
Extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERK)
- A group of MAPK
- Interact directly with the C-terminal region of occludin
- Prevent hydrogen peroxide-induced disruption to TJ [11]
Extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERK)
- A group of MAPK
- Interact directly with the C-terminal region of occludin
- Prevent hydrogen peroxide-induced disruption to TJ [11]
Železo
- Parenteral iron be used first
- Respond to it more quickly
- Associated with fewer gastrointestinal side effects
- Not associated with compliance issues [3]
Železo
- Parenteral iron be used first
- Respond to it more quickly
- Associated with fewer gastrointestinal side effects
- Not associated with compliance issues [3]
Fecal bacteriotherapy
- "recolonizing" the colon with bacteria from a healthy bowel
- Infusion of human probiotics through fecal enemas
- Requires a more prolonged bacteriotherapy treatment than Clostridium difficile infection
- 67.7% of sufferers experiencing complete remission ion one study
- Several reported cases of patients who have remained in remission for up to 13 years [3]
Fecal bacteriotherapy
- "recolonizing" the colon with bacteria from a healthy bowel
- Infusion of human probiotics through fecal enemas
- Requires a more prolonged bacteriotherapy treatment than Clostridium difficile infection
- 67.7% of sufferers experiencing complete remission ion one study
- Several reported cases of patients who have remained in remission for up to 13 years [3]
Fenugreek
Fenugreek
Fexofenadine
- Antihistamine drug
- Used in treatment of allergies
- Promise in a combination therapy in some studies
- Low gastrointestinal absorption
- Or high absorbed drug gastrointestinal secretion [3]
- Higher concentration at the site of inflammation
- May locally decrease histamine secretion by involved gastrointestinal mast cells and alleviate the inflammation [3]
Fexofenadine
- Antihistamine drug
- Used in treatment of allergies
- Promise in a combination therapy in some studies
- Low gastrointestinal absorption
- Or high absorbed drug gastrointestinal secretion [3]
- Higher concentration at the site of inflammation
- May locally decrease histamine secretion by involved gastrointestinal mast cells and alleviate the inflammation [3]
Fiber
- Soluble fiber is fermented by colonic microflora
- Promoting the growth of beneficial Bifidobacteria
- Fermentation of dietary fiber is the primary source of intestinal short-chain fatty acids including butyric acid [14]
- Recommended for decades in the maintenance of bowel function
Fiber from brassica
- Seems to contain soluble constituents capable of reversing ulcers along the entire human digestive tract before it is cooked
Oatmeal
- Also commonly prescribed
Fiber
- Soluble fiber is fermented by colonic microflora
- Promoting the growth of beneficial Bifidobacteria
- Fermentation of dietary fiber is the primary source of intestinal short-chain fatty acids including butyric acid [14]
- Recommended for decades in the maintenance of bowel function
Fiber from brassica
- Seems to contain soluble constituents capable of reversing ulcers along the entire human digestive tract before it is cooked
Oatmeal
- Also commonly prescribed
Flaxseed fiber - lněné semínko vláknina
- 1-5g/d [14]
- Demonstrate benefits of both soluble and insoluble dietary fiber in humans
- Help maintain normal barrier function in the distal colon
- 9 g/day of flax for 2 weeks resulted
- Effective laxation and fecal bulking capacity of about 3:1 for each gram of flax consumed [14]
Flaxseed fiber - lněné semínko vláknina
- 1-5g/d [14]
- Demonstrate benefits of both soluble and insoluble dietary fiber in humans
- Help maintain normal barrier function in the distal colon
- 9 g/day of flax for 2 weeks resulted
- Effective laxation and fecal bulking capacity of about 3:1 for each gram of flax consumed [14]
Fufangkushen colon-coated (FCC) capsule
- Effective and safe in the treatment of active UC
- Double-blind, double-dummy, multicenter, randomized, and controlled study, At the 8th week
- 320 active UC patients with TCM pattern of damp–heat accumulating in the interior
- 240 treated with FCC plus HD placebo treatment
- Clinical response in: 72.50% of patients in FCC group (170 of 234) [20]
- 80 with HD plus FCC placebo
- Clinical response in: 65.00% of patients in HD group (52 of 80) [20]
Fufangkushen colon-coated (FCC) capsule
- Effective and safe in the treatment of active UC
- Double-blind, double-dummy, multicenter, randomized, and controlled study, At the 8th week
- 320 active UC patients with TCM pattern of damp–heat accumulating in the interior
- 240 treated with FCC plus HD placebo treatment
- Clinical response in: 72.50% of patients in FCC group (170 of 234) [20]
- 80 with HD plus FCC placebo
- Clinical response in: 65.00% of patients in HD group (52 of 80) [20]
Genistein
- Prevents TNF?-induced decreases in TEER
- In the colonic cell line HT-29/B6
- Does not affect TEER itself [11]
Genistein
- Prevents TNF?-induced decreases in TEER
- In the colonic cell line HT-29/B6
- Does not affect TEER itself [11]
Germinated barley foodstuff
- Efficacy of Germinated barley foodstuff (GBF) in the treatment of UC
- Dietary fiber and glutamine-rich protein that function as a probiotic [20]
- 11 patients given GBF for 4 weeks as an adjunctive treatment
- Greater decrease in clinical disease activity than 9 patients given conventional therapy alone [20]
- Follow-up study, 24 weeks of treatment of 21 patients with GBF together with continuing 5-aminosalicylic acid and steroid therapy
- Reduced rectal bleeding and nocturnal diarrhea
- Adjunctive GBF
- Lower relapse rate over 12 months when given to 22 patients with UC in remission than did conventional therapy in 37 patients [20]
- The potency of GBF on modulating microflora
- High water-holding capacity [20]
Germinated barley foodstuff
- Efficacy of Germinated barley foodstuff (GBF) in the treatment of UC
- Dietary fiber and glutamine-rich protein that function as a probiotic [20]
- 11 patients given GBF for 4 weeks as an adjunctive treatment
- Greater decrease in clinical disease activity than 9 patients given conventional therapy alone [20]
- Follow-up study, 24 weeks of treatment of 21 patients with GBF together with continuing 5-aminosalicylic acid and steroid therapy
- Reduced rectal bleeding and nocturnal diarrhea
- Adjunctive GBF
- Lower relapse rate over 12 months when given to 22 patients with UC in remission than did conventional therapy in 37 patients [20]
- The potency of GBF on modulating microflora
- High water-holding capacity [20]
Ghrelin
- Administration after induction of colitis
- Faster regeneration of the colonic wall
- Reduction in colonic IL-1ß, TNF-?, MPO
- Improved mucosal DNA synthesis and blood flow [15]
- Strong anti-inflammatory and healing effect in acetic acid-induced colitis
- Curative effect in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid- and dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis
- Therapeutic effect of ghrelin in the colon is universal and independent of the primary cause of colitis [15]
- The stomach is also the main source of endogenous ghrelin [15]
- Natural ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor—GHS-R
- Present mainly in the pituitary gland and hypothalamus
- Ghrelin strongly and dose-dependently stimulates secretion of growth hormone [15]
- Stimulation of gastrointestinal motility
- Stimulation of food intake [15]
- Protective effect in against ischemia-induced damage
- Heart
- Kidney
- Spinal cord
- Brain
- Reduces the sepsis-induced acute lung injury and mortality in rats
- Pretreatment with ghrelin inhibits the development of gastric ulcers induced by
- Ethanol
- Stress
- Alendronate
- Accelerate the healing of:
- Gastric ulcers evoked by acetic acid and ethanol
- Duodenal ulcers evoked by acetic acid and cysteamine [15]
- Oral ulcers
- Inhibits the development of different type of experimental pancreatitis
- Accelerates recovery in this disease
- The antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory effect in the liver
- Attenuates the development of liver fibrosis in murine models of this disease
- Related to inhibition of TGF-ß1 and NF-?B signaling pathways
- Suppression of autophagy [15]
- Acute phase of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
- Have higher circulating levels of ghrelin than healthy individuals
- Expression of ghrelin in the mucosa of the large intestine is increased in those patients
- Administration of ghrelin exhibits therapeutic effect in colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) in mice and rats [15]
- Endogenous and exogenous ghrelin worsens the course of dextran sodium sulfate (DDS)-induced colitis in mice [15]
Ghrelin
- Administration after induction of colitis
- Faster regeneration of the colonic wall
- Reduction in colonic IL-1ß, TNF-?, MPO
- Improved mucosal DNA synthesis and blood flow [15]
- Strong anti-inflammatory and healing effect in acetic acid-induced colitis
- Curative effect in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid- and dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis
- Therapeutic effect of ghrelin in the colon is universal and independent of the primary cause of colitis [15]
- The stomach is also the main source of endogenous ghrelin [15]
- Natural ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor—GHS-R
- Present mainly in the pituitary gland and hypothalamus
- Ghrelin strongly and dose-dependently stimulates secretion of growth hormone [15]
- Stimulation of gastrointestinal motility
- Stimulation of food intake [15]
- Protective effect in against ischemia-induced damage
- Heart
- Kidney
- Spinal cord
- Brain
- Reduces the sepsis-induced acute lung injury and mortality in rats
- Pretreatment with ghrelin inhibits the development of gastric ulcers induced by
- Ethanol
- Stress
- Alendronate
- Accelerate the healing of:
- Gastric ulcers evoked by acetic acid and ethanol
- Duodenal ulcers evoked by acetic acid and cysteamine [15]
- Oral ulcers
- Inhibits the development of different type of experimental pancreatitis
- Accelerates recovery in this disease
- The antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory effect in the liver
- Attenuates the development of liver fibrosis in murine models of this disease
- Related to inhibition of TGF-ß1 and NF-?B signaling pathways
- Suppression of autophagy [15]
- Acute phase of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
- Have higher circulating levels of ghrelin than healthy individuals
- Expression of ghrelin in the mucosa of the large intestine is increased in those patients
- Administration of ghrelin exhibits therapeutic effect in colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) in mice and rats [15]
- Endogenous and exogenous ghrelin worsens the course of dextran sodium sulfate (DDS)-induced colitis in mice [15]
Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE)
- 40–80 mg [14]
- Antioxidant and free radical–scavenging properties
- Cytoprotective effects on cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa [14]
- P.o. GBE
- Reduce macroscopic and histological damage to the colonic mucosa in vivo
- Significantly decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines in experimentally induced ulcerative colitis
- Prevent increased IP
- Prevent mucosal damage associated with small intestinal ischemia
- In a dose-dependent manner in animal models [14]
- Pre-treatment with GBE in vivo in animals small intestine
- Attenuate mucosal damage
- Decrease markers of oxidative stress in ischemia and reperfusion [14]
- May help to promote normal intestinal barrier function [14]
Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE)
- 40–80 mg [14]
- Antioxidant and free radical–scavenging properties
- Cytoprotective effects on cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa [14]
- P.o. GBE
- Reduce macroscopic and histological damage to the colonic mucosa in vivo
- Significantly decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines in experimentally induced ulcerative colitis
- Prevent increased IP
- Prevent mucosal damage associated with small intestinal ischemia
- In a dose-dependent manner in animal models [14]
- Pre-treatment with GBE in vivo in animals small intestine
- Attenuate mucosal damage
- Decrease markers of oxidative stress in ischemia and reperfusion [14]
- May help to promote normal intestinal barrier function [14]
Ginseng - Panax
Ginseng - Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Korea or Asian ginseng)
- Fermented wild
- Ameliorates DSS-induced acute colitis
- By inhibiting NF-?B signaling and protects intestinal epithelial barrier
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4577293/
Ginseng - Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Korea or Asian ginseng)
- Fermented wild
- Ameliorates DSS-induced acute colitis
- By inhibiting NF-?B signaling and protects intestinal epithelial barrier
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4577293/
Ginseng - Panax
Glutamin
- L-glutamine 750–1,500 mg [14]
- Subrstrát pro syntézu glukózy
- Důležitý pro rychle se dělící buňky
- lymfocyty a eneterocyty
- S kyselinou glutamovou = dominující proteinogenní AMK v organismu [7]
- Snižuje SP [7]
- Zlepšuje N-bilanci a zkracuje dobu hospitalizace [7]
- I.v. podání 0,5 g/kg/den upravilo
- N-bilanci
- SP
- V randomizované studii na 120 pacientech
- 3xdenně 7g p.o. 1 týden před terapií indometacinem
- Zabránil zvýšené SP po NSAID [7]
- Podání glutaminu během NSAID terapie
- Signifikantně snížilo SP [7]
- Best known compound for reducing IP
- Maintain transepithelial resistance
- Permeability in intestinal cell culture monolayers
- Glutamine supplementation
- Increase intestinal barrier function in malnourished children [10]
- no effect if administered i.v. to depleted patients
- Preferential substrate for enterocytes
- Works in concert with other amino acids
- leucine
- Arginine [10]
- Improvements in the intestinal barrier
- In experimental biliary obstruction
- After ischemia/reperfusion
- In critically ill patients
- Lowered the frequency of infections following abdominal surgery [10]
- IBD treatment
- Alone or in combination with other amino acids is promising [10]
- Low birth weight children
- Allergies
- Improved by glutamine treatment during the first year of life [10]
- Antioxidant properties of glutamine
- Enhanced expression of heat shock proteins [10]
- Glutamine can restore stress-induced loss of barrier integrity [11]
- Cells are deprived of glutamine
- Via inhibition of glutamine synthetase
- Occludin, claudin-1, and ZO-1 protein expression is decreased [11]
- Treatment with glutamine leads to activation
- MAPK, ERK, and JNK [11]
- Important energy source for cells of the intestinal mucosa
- Essential for normal mucosal structure and function
- Required for normal production of secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the intestines [14]
- Most abundant immunoglobulin in external secretions
- Immune barrier
- Help maintain gut mass and intestinal barrier function against bacteria
- Essential to host survival during critical illness in humans [14]
- L-glutamine to total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
- Prevents pathologic increase in IP in humans
- Prevented deterioration of gut permeability
- Preserved mucosal structure [14]
- Preserves gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) function and intestinal IgA levels in animal studies [14]
- Reduction of increased IP and bacterial translocation in experimental biliary obstruction [14]
Glutamin
- L-glutamine 750–1,500 mg [14]
- Subrstrát pro syntézu glukózy
- Důležitý pro rychle se dělící buňky
- lymfocyty a eneterocyty
- S kyselinou glutamovou = dominující proteinogenní AMK v organismu [7]
- Snižuje SP [7]
- Zlepšuje N-bilanci a zkracuje dobu hospitalizace [7]
- I.v. podání 0,5 g/kg/den upravilo
- N-bilanci
- SP
- V randomizované studii na 120 pacientech
- 3xdenně 7g p.o. 1 týden před terapií indometacinem
- Zabránil zvýšené SP po NSAID [7]
- Podání glutaminu během NSAID terapie
- Signifikantně snížilo SP [7]
- Best known compound for reducing IP
- Maintain transepithelial resistance
- Permeability in intestinal cell culture monolayers
- Glutamine supplementation
- Increase intestinal barrier function in malnourished children [10]
- no effect if administered i.v. to depleted patients
- Preferential substrate for enterocytes
- Works in concert with other amino acids
- leucine
- Arginine [10]
- Improvements in the intestinal barrier
- In experimental biliary obstruction
- After ischemia/reperfusion
- In critically ill patients
- Lowered the frequency of infections following abdominal surgery [10]
- IBD treatment
- Alone or in combination with other amino acids is promising [10]
- Low birth weight children
- Allergies
- Improved by glutamine treatment during the first year of life [10]
- Antioxidant properties of glutamine
- Enhanced expression of heat shock proteins [10]
- Glutamine can restore stress-induced loss of barrier integrity [11]
- Cells are deprived of glutamine
- Via inhibition of glutamine synthetase
- Occludin, claudin-1, and ZO-1 protein expression is decreased [11]
- Treatment with glutamine leads to activation
- MAPK, ERK, and JNK [11]
- Important energy source for cells of the intestinal mucosa
- Essential for normal mucosal structure and function
- Required for normal production of secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the intestines [14]
- Most abundant immunoglobulin in external secretions
- Immune barrier
- Help maintain gut mass and intestinal barrier function against bacteria
- Essential to host survival during critical illness in humans [14]
- L-glutamine to total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
- Prevents pathologic increase in IP in humans
- Prevented deterioration of gut permeability
- Preserved mucosal structure [14]
- Preserves gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) function and intestinal IgA levels in animal studies [14]
- Reduction of increased IP and bacterial translocation in experimental biliary obstruction [14]
Glutathion
Glutathion
Gram positive bacteria
- Present in the lumen
- Could be associated with extending the time of relapse for ulcerative colitis [3]
Gram positive bacteria
- Present in the lumen
- Could be associated with extending the time of relapse for ulcerative colitis [3]
Grape seed proanthocyanidines (GSPs)
- GSPs contain approximately 89% proanthocyanidins
- With dimers (6.6%)
- Trimers (5.0%)
- Tetramers (2.9%)
- Oligomers (74.8%) [11]
- Antiproliferative
- Antioxidant
- Anticarcinogenic effects
- Decreasing expression of NF-?B targeted genes [11]
- Suppress I?K (inhibitor of ?B kinase) activation
- Inactivated I?K complex
- Suppresses the phosphorylation-induced degradation of I?B? (I?B kinase ?) [11]
- Increase colonic SOD activity
- Improving enzymatic defense [11]
Grape seed proanthocyanidines (GSPs)
- GSPs contain approximately 89% proanthocyanidins
- With dimers (6.6%)
- Trimers (5.0%)
- Tetramers (2.9%)
- Oligomers (74.8%) [11]
- Antiproliferative
- Antioxidant
- Anticarcinogenic effects
- Decreasing expression of NF-?B targeted genes [11]
- Suppress I?K (inhibitor of ?B kinase) activation
- Inactivated I?K complex
- Suppresses the phosphorylation-induced degradation of I?B? (I?B kinase ?) [11]
- Increase colonic SOD activity
- Improving enzymatic defense [11]
Green tea - Camellia sinensis
Green tea - Camellia sinensis
Guar Gum
- Less “gritty” but more expensive than psyllium
- One tsp. before meals in 8-10 oz of water or juice [26]
Guar Gum
- Less “gritty” but more expensive than psyllium
- One tsp. before meals in 8-10 oz of water or juice [26]
Guggulsterone
- Plant steroid
- Found in the resin of the guggul plant
- Anti-inflammatory compound
- Prevent and ameliorate T-cell–induced colitis
- Natural cholesterol-lowering agent, in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases [20]
- Inhibits:
- LPS or IL-1b-induced ICAM-1 gene expression
- NF-?B transcriptional activity
- I?B phosphorylation/degradation
- NF-?B DNA-binding activity in IEC
- Strongly blocked IKK activity [20]
- Significantly reduced the severity of DSS-induced murine colitis
- Assessed by
- Clinical disease activity score
- Colon length
- Histology [20]
- Tissue upregulation of I?B and IKK phosphorylation induced by DSS
- Was attenuated in guggulsterone-treated mice [20]
- Guggulsterone derivative GG-52
- Protective [20]
- Therapeutic effects on inflammation in the colon
- Has a potential clinical value for the treatment of IBD [20]
Guggulsterone
- Plant steroid
- Found in the resin of the guggul plant
- Anti-inflammatory compound
- Prevent and ameliorate T-cell–induced colitis
- Natural cholesterol-lowering agent, in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases [20]
- Inhibits:
- LPS or IL-1b-induced ICAM-1 gene expression
- NF-?B transcriptional activity
- I?B phosphorylation/degradation
- NF-?B DNA-binding activity in IEC
- Strongly blocked IKK activity [20]
- Significantly reduced the severity of DSS-induced murine colitis
- Assessed by
- Clinical disease activity score
- Colon length
- Histology [20]
- Tissue upregulation of I?B and IKK phosphorylation induced by DSS
- Was attenuated in guggulsterone-treated mice [20]
- Guggulsterone derivative GG-52
- Protective [20]
- Therapeutic effects on inflammation in the colon
- Has a potential clinical value for the treatment of IBD [20]
Helminthic therapy
- Intestinal parasitic nematodes to treat ulcerative colitis
- Helminths ameliorate
- Are more effective than daily corticosteroids at blocking chemically induced colitis in mice
- Trial of intentional helminth infection of rhesus monkeys with idiopathic chronic diarrhea (a condition similar to ulcerative colitis in humans)
- Resulted in remission of symptoms in 4 out of 5 of the animals treated
- A randomised controlled trial of Trichuris suis ova in humans found the therapy to be safe and effective
- Further human trials are ongoing [3]
Helminthic therapy
- Intestinal parasitic nematodes to treat ulcerative colitis
- Helminths ameliorate
- Are more effective than daily corticosteroids at blocking chemically induced colitis in mice
- Trial of intentional helminth infection of rhesus monkeys with idiopathic chronic diarrhea (a condition similar to ulcerative colitis in humans)
- Resulted in remission of symptoms in 4 out of 5 of the animals treated
- A randomised controlled trial of Trichuris suis ova in humans found the therapy to be safe and effective
- Further human trials are ongoing [3]
Hesperetin
- And curcumin, quercetin, naringenin collectively
- Restoring DSS-induced colitis, at least in part
- Through regulation of the colonic and tight junction (TJ) barriers [11]
- These components may reduce the harmful action of ROS on the intestinal mucosa [11]
- A variety of glycosides of hesperetin are known, including:
Hesperidin (hesperetin 7-rutinoside)
- water - insoluble flavonoid glycoside whose solubility is below 5 µg/ml in water
- Hesperidin is found in citrus fruits
- Upon ingestion it releases its aglycone, hesperetin
- Je například součástí léku Detralex
- Snižuje záněty žil a jejich prosak
- Snižuje otoky nohou při žilní neodstatečnosti
- Omezuje křeče v nohou při zánětech žil a chronické žilní nedostatečnosti
- Snižuje zánět a lokální žilní prosak i všude jinde v těle při nejrůznějších stavech (vlastní zkušenost)
- MPO in neutrophil granules
- hydrogen peroxide to hypochloric acid
- In the presence of chlorine ions [17]
- Hypochloric acid is both a potent oxidant as well as an antimicrobial agent.
- In the presence of inflammation
- Leukocyte infiltration of colonic mucosa and release
- Free oxygen radicals from activated leukocytes
- Induces proinflammatory cytokine release
- Tissue injury progress [17]
- Detralex a podobné léky (účinné látky: diosmin, rutin, hesperidin aj.) tlumí zánět snížením pronikání neutrofilů do místa zánětu obecně
Neohesperidin
- 7-neohesperidoside of hesperetin.
Hesperetin 7-rhamnoside
- Can be isolated from Cordia obliqua
Hesperetin
- And curcumin, quercetin, naringenin collectively
- Restoring DSS-induced colitis, at least in part
- Through regulation of the colonic and tight junction (TJ) barriers [11]
- These components may reduce the harmful action of ROS on the intestinal mucosa [11]
- A variety of glycosides of hesperetin are known, including:
Hesperidin (hesperetin 7-rutinoside)
- water - insoluble flavonoid glycoside whose solubility is below 5 µg/ml in water
- Hesperidin is found in citrus fruits
- Upon ingestion it releases its aglycone, hesperetin
- Je například součástí léku Detralex
- Snižuje záněty žil a jejich prosak
- Snižuje otoky nohou při žilní neodstatečnosti
- Omezuje křeče v nohou při zánětech žil a chronické žilní nedostatečnosti
- Snižuje zánět a lokální žilní prosak i všude jinde v těle při nejrůznějších stavech (vlastní zkušenost)
- MPO in neutrophil granules
- hydrogen peroxide to hypochloric acid
- In the presence of chlorine ions [17]
- Hypochloric acid is both a potent oxidant as well as an antimicrobial agent.
- In the presence of inflammation
- Leukocyte infiltration of colonic mucosa and release
- Free oxygen radicals from activated leukocytes
- Induces proinflammatory cytokine release
- Tissue injury progress [17]
- Detralex a podobné léky (účinné látky: diosmin, rutin, hesperidin aj.) tlumí zánět snížením pronikání neutrofilů do místa zánětu obecně
Neohesperidin
- 7-neohesperidoside of hesperetin.
Hesperetin 7-rhamnoside
- Can be isolated from Cordia obliqua
Indicaxanthin
- Antioxidant activity in vitro
- Reduction of the expression of COX-2 and iNOS
- Associated to inhibition of NF-?B activation
- Consequently inhibition of RONS synthesis
- Scavenging of NO• and ROS [11]
Indicaxanthin
- Antioxidant activity in vitro
- Reduction of the expression of COX-2 and iNOS
- Associated to inhibition of NF-?B activation
- Consequently inhibition of RONS synthesis
- Scavenging of NO• and ROS [11]
Indirubin
- Active ingredient of a traditional Chinese medicine prescription named Danggui Longhui Wan
- Abroad anti-cancer and anti-inflammation activities
- Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC in mice [14]
- 3% DSS in drinking water for 7days [14]
- Indirubin treatment (10mg/kg) for 7days [14]
- Inhibited the loss of body weight [14]
- Reversed the elevation of disease activity index (DAI) [14]
- Alleviated crypt distortion and mucosal injury [14]
- Reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in the colon mucosa [14]
- Decreased TNFalfa, IFN -gamma , IL -2 , MPO activity in colon [14]
- IL-4 and IL-10 were increased [14]
- Effectively suppressed CD4(+) T cell infiltration in the colon [14]
- Promoted the generation of Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells [14]
- Inhibited DSS-induced activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B signaling [14]
Indirubin
- Active ingredient of a traditional Chinese medicine prescription named Danggui Longhui Wan
- Abroad anti-cancer and anti-inflammation activities
- Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC in mice [14]
- 3% DSS in drinking water for 7days [14]
- Indirubin treatment (10mg/kg) for 7days [14]
- Inhibited the loss of body weight [14]
- Reversed the elevation of disease activity index (DAI) [14]
- Alleviated crypt distortion and mucosal injury [14]
- Reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in the colon mucosa [14]
- Decreased TNFalfa, IFN -gamma , IL -2 , MPO activity in colon [14]
- IL-4 and IL-10 were increased [14]
- Effectively suppressed CD4(+) T cell infiltration in the colon [14]
- Promoted the generation of Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells [14]
- Inhibited DSS-induced activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B signaling [14]
Kefir
- Natural probiotic beverage
- Fermented milk product of Caucasian origin
- Complex combination of yeast and bacteria
- Lactobacillus, streptococcus, acetobacteria, and yeasts [16]
- Danisco®, Poland
- Lactobacillus lactis subs., Leuconostoc subs., Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobasillus subs. and yeast [16]
- Protective effects of kefir in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in rats [16]
Kefir
- Natural probiotic beverage
- Fermented milk product of Caucasian origin
- Complex combination of yeast and bacteria
- Lactobacillus, streptococcus, acetobacteria, and yeasts [16]
- Danisco®, Poland
- Lactobacillus lactis subs., Leuconostoc subs., Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobasillus subs. and yeast [16]
- Protective effects of kefir in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in rats [16]
Intestinal stem cells (ISCs)
- Give rise to daughter or progenitor cells
- Can subsequently differentiate into the mature cell types required for normal gut function [23]
- From stem cells at crypt bases, migrating to the villus tip
- Can differentiate into 4 cell linages
- Enterocytes
- Enteroendocrine cells
- Mucus producing goblet cells
- Secrete mucin
- Heavily glycosylated and polymerized into a enormous net-like structure
- Mucin 2 is the major component of secreted mucin
- Key role in keeping intestinal microbes at a distance from the epithelial surface
- Paneth cells
- Only in the human small intestine
Intestinal stem cells (ISCs)
- Give rise to daughter or progenitor cells
- Can subsequently differentiate into the mature cell types required for normal gut function [23]
- From stem cells at crypt bases, migrating to the villus tip
- Can differentiate into 4 cell linages
- Enterocytes
- Enteroendocrine cells
- Mucus producing goblet cells
- Secrete mucin
- Heavily glycosylated and polymerized into a enormous net-like structure
- Mucin 2 is the major component of secreted mucin
- Key role in keeping intestinal microbes at a distance from the epithelial surface
- Paneth cells
- Only in the human small intestine
Kolaviron
- Also successfully, used for IBD (animal model)
- Tested by oral administration
- Most flavonoids exhibited
- Free radical scavenger ability
- Particularly toward NO• [11]
- Reduced lipid peroxidation
- Promoted an increase in antioxidant defense
- Principally through SOD activity and GSH levels [11]
- Concurrently have pro-oxidative properties
- Some associations with potential toxicity
- Tested in animal models
- Clinical trials are necessary
- In the acute IBD phase
- In the remission phase [11]
Kolaviron
- Also successfully, used for IBD (animal model)
- Tested by oral administration
- Most flavonoids exhibited
- Free radical scavenger ability
- Particularly toward NO• [11]
- Reduced lipid peroxidation
- Promoted an increase in antioxidant defense
- Principally through SOD activity and GSH levels [11]
- Concurrently have pro-oxidative properties
- Some associations with potential toxicity
- Tested in animal models
- Clinical trials are necessary
- In the acute IBD phase
- In the remission phase [11]
Kyselina listová
- Buňky ji potřebují k replikaci a k hojení
- Jedna dlouhodobá studie, prováděna na Harvard Medical School poukázala na ochranný účinek kyseliny listové proti střevním chorobám.
- Obzvláště důležitá při léčbě střevních zánětů
- Doporučená dávka je 40-60 mg.
- Střevní choroby velmi často komplikují vstřebávání kyseliny listové
- Významnými zdroji
- Játra, ledviny
- Brokolice
- Hovězí maso
- Tuřín
- Zelenina obecně
- Vařením se zničí až 90% této látky [6]
- Helps the body make new cells
- Copying and synthesizing DNA
- Folate deficiency causes anemia, poor immune function and poor digestion
- Folate supplementation may even reduce the risk of colorectal dysplasia and cancer in patients with chronic ulcerative colitis
- Top folate foods include:
- Chickpeas
- Lentils
- Asparagus
- Avocado
- Beets
- Broccoli [19]
Kyselina listová
- Buňky ji potřebují k replikaci a k hojení
- Jedna dlouhodobá studie, prováděna na Harvard Medical School poukázala na ochranný účinek kyseliny listové proti střevním chorobám.
- Obzvláště důležitá při léčbě střevních zánětů
- Doporučená dávka je 40-60 mg.
- Střevní choroby velmi často komplikují vstřebávání kyseliny listové
- Významnými zdroji
- Játra, ledviny
- Brokolice
- Hovězí maso
- Tuřín
- Zelenina obecně
- Vařením se zničí až 90% této látky [6]
- Helps the body make new cells
- Copying and synthesizing DNA
- Folate deficiency causes anemia, poor immune function and poor digestion
- Folate supplementation may even reduce the risk of colorectal dysplasia and cancer in patients with chronic ulcerative colitis
- Top folate foods include:
- Chickpeas
- Lentils
- Asparagus
- Avocado
- Beets
- Broccoli [19]
L-arginine
- Ameliorated the disease activity index and epithelial permeability
- In mice treated with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) [7]
- Reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines
- Enhanced epithelial wound healing [7]
- Effect was dependent on the generation of NO from L-arginine by iNOS
- Beneficial effects of L-arginine supplementation were absent in iNOS-deficient mice
- L-arginine applied directly into the colon
- Converted by the microflora into NO
- Reduced the inflammatory score
- But did not prevent tissue damage in DSS-treated mice [7]
- Pharmacological inhibition of iNOS alone
- Did not affect the development of TNBS colitis in rats despite reduced NO production [8]
- High L-arginine doses
- Aggravated colitis in TNBS-treated rats [8]
- Luminal NO production
- Reduced leukocyte infiltration and epithelial permeability
- But did not prevent mucosal tissue damage during DSS colitis [8]
L-arginine
- Ameliorated the disease activity index and epithelial permeability
- In mice treated with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) [7]
- Reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines
- Enhanced epithelial wound healing [7]
- Effect was dependent on the generation of NO from L-arginine by iNOS
- Beneficial effects of L-arginine supplementation were absent in iNOS-deficient mice
- L-arginine applied directly into the colon
- Converted by the microflora into NO
- Reduced the inflammatory score
- But did not prevent tissue damage in DSS-treated mice [7]
- Pharmacological inhibition of iNOS alone
- Did not affect the development of TNBS colitis in rats despite reduced NO production [8]
- High L-arginine doses
- Aggravated colitis in TNBS-treated rats [8]
- Luminal NO production
- Reduced leukocyte infiltration and epithelial permeability
- But did not prevent mucosal tissue damage during DSS colitis [8]
Lactobacillus acidophilus
- Protected the intestinal barrier in experimental colitis [10]
- Preserve phosphorylation of occludin in EIEC-infected cells
- Employ Rho family GTPases to protect against EIEC-induced TJ disruption [11]
Lactobacillus acidophilus, B. longum
- [14]
Lactobacillus acidophilus, B. longum
- [14]
Lactobacillus acidophilus
- Protected the intestinal barrier in experimental colitis [10]
- Preserve phosphorylation of occludin in EIEC-infected cells
- Employ Rho family GTPases to protect against EIEC-induced TJ disruption [11]
Lactobacillus fermentum with recombinant superoxide dismutase (rec-SOD)
- Rec-SOD
- Improve redox imbalance
- Increasing oxidative defense (SOD colonic activity)
- Decreasing ROS damage (LP)
- Reduced MPO
- Reduced NF-?B p65 expression in the colonic tissue [11]
Lactobacillus fermentum with recombinant superoxide dismutase (rec-SOD)
- Rec-SOD
- Improve redox imbalance
- Increasing oxidative defense (SOD colonic activity)
- Decreasing ROS damage (LP)
- Reduced MPO
- Reduced NF-?B p65 expression in the colonic tissue [11]
Lactobacillus plantarum MB452
- From the probiotic product VSL#3
- Increased transcription of occludin and cingulin genes [11]
- Administration of L. plantarum into the duodenum of healthy human
- Significantly increase ZO-1 and occludin in the vicinity of TJ structures
Lactobacillus plantarum MB452
- From the probiotic product VSL#3
- Increased transcription of occludin and cingulin genes [11]
- Administration of L. plantarum into the duodenum of healthy human
- Significantly increase ZO-1 and occludin in the vicinity of TJ structures
L. reuteri DSM 12246
- In 41 children with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis, increased IP, and gastrointestinal symptoms
- Positive association between the lactulose-mannitol ratio and severity of eczema
- After 6 weeks of probiotic supplementation
- Gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly improved
- Lactulose to mannitol ratio was significantly lower [14]
L. reuteri DSM 12246
- In 41 children with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis, increased IP, and gastrointestinal symptoms
- Positive association between the lactulose-mannitol ratio and severity of eczema
- After 6 weeks of probiotic supplementation
- Gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly improved
- Lactulose to mannitol ratio was significantly lower [14]
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG
- [16]
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG
- [16]
L. rhamnosus Lcr35
- Effective in shortening the duration of acute diarrhea in children [14]
L. rhamnosus Lcr35
- Effective in shortening the duration of acute diarrhea in children [14]
L. rhamnosus 19070-2
- In 41 children with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis, increased IP, and gastrointestinal symptoms
- Positive association between the lactulose-mannitol ratio and severity of eczema
- After 6 weeks of probiotic supplementation
- Gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly improved
- Lactulose to mannitol ratio was significantly lower [14]
L. rhamnosus 19070-2
- In 41 children with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis, increased IP, and gastrointestinal symptoms
- Positive association between the lactulose-mannitol ratio and severity of eczema
- After 6 weeks of probiotic supplementation
- Gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly improved
- Lactulose to mannitol ratio was significantly lower [14]
Larazotide acetate - AT-1001
- Zonulin receptor antagonist
- Probed in clinical trials
- Drug candidate for use in conjunction with a gluten-free diet in people with celiac disease
- To reduce the intestinal permeability caused by gluten and its passage through the epithelium [1]
- Reduce diabetes and IBD in the non-obese diabetic and IL-10 knockout mouse models [15]
- Does not prevent gluten-induced permeability increases in celiac disease patients [15]
Larazotide acetate - AT-1001 - Zonulin receptor antagonist
- Probed in clinical trials, Drug candidate for use in conjunction with a gluten-free diet in celiac disease
- To reduce the intestinal permeability caused by gluten and its passage through the epithelium [1]
- Does not prevent gluten-induced permeability increases in celiac disease patients [15]
- Reduce diabetes and IBD in the non-obese diabetic and IL-10 knockout mouse models [15]
- Reduced gluten-induced immune reactivity and symptoms in patients with coeliac disease undergoing gluten challenge and was generally well tolerated;
- However, no significant difference in LAMA ratios between larazotide acetate and placebo was observed.
Larazotide acetate - AT-1001 - Zonulin receptor antagonist
- Probed in clinical trials, Drug candidate for use in conjunction with a gluten-free diet in celiac disease
- To reduce the intestinal permeability caused by gluten and its passage through the epithelium [1]
- Does not prevent gluten-induced permeability increases in celiac disease patients [15]
- Reduce diabetes and IBD in the non-obese diabetic and IL-10 knockout mouse models [15]
- Reduced gluten-induced immune reactivity and symptoms in patients with coeliac disease undergoing gluten challenge and was generally well tolerated;
- However, no significant difference in LAMA ratios between larazotide acetate and placebo was observed.
Larazotide acetate - AT-1001
- Zonulin receptor antagonist
- Probed in clinical trials
- Drug candidate for use in conjunction with a gluten-free diet in people with celiac disease
- To reduce the intestinal permeability caused by gluten and its passage through the epithelium [1]
- Reduce diabetes and IBD in the non-obese diabetic and IL-10 knockout mouse models [15]
- Does not prevent gluten-induced permeability increases in celiac disease patients [15]
Lecithinized human Cu/Zn–SOD (PC–SOD)
- Four phosphatidylcholine-derived molecules were covalently bound to each SOD dimer
- PC–SOD i.v. (40 mg/kg/d) for 14 days decreased
- MPO activity
- Phospho-NF-?B p65 [11]
- Safe and beneficial effect on UC-Disease Activity Index [11]
Lecithinized human Cu/Zn–SOD (PC–SOD)
- Four phosphatidylcholine-derived molecules were covalently bound to each SOD dimer
- PC–SOD i.v. (40 mg/kg/d) for 14 days decreased
- MPO activity
- Phospho-NF-?B p65 [11]
- Safe and beneficial effect on UC-Disease Activity Index [11]
Leukocyte apheresis
- Granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis
- Requires large-scale trials to determine whether or not it is effective
Leukocyte apheresis
- Granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis
- Requires large-scale trials to determine whether or not it is effective
Linden extracts (Tilia vulgaris)
- Decrease paracellular flux
- Increase TEER [11]
Linden extracts (Tilia vulgaris)
- Decrease paracellular flux
- Increase TEER [11]
Lipoic acid
Lipoic acid
Licorice - Diammonium glycyrrhizinate
- From the root of the plant
- In TCM for a variety of conditions and ailments
- Chemopreventive effects
- Influencing Bcl-2/Bax
- Inhibiting carcinogenesis
- Antiestrogenic action documented
- Glycyrrhizin-binding estrogen receptors
- Licorice and its isoflavone constituents
- Immune modulatory and adaptogenic property
- Clinical studies on licorice in combination with other herbs
- Demonstrated to be effective in the management of UC [20]
- A number of active chemicals
- Glycyrrhizin
- Extracted and purified from licorice
- May be useful in the treatment of UC [20]
- Could improve intestinal mucosal inflammation in rats
- Reduce expression of NF-?B, TNF-?, and ICAM-1 in inflamed mucosa [20]
- May exert its mineralocorticoid effect
- Via an inhibition of 11b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
- Could also suppress both plasma renin activity and aldosterone secretion
Licorice - Diammonium glycyrrhizinate
- From the root of the plant
- In TCM for a variety of conditions and ailments
- Chemopreventive effects
- Influencing Bcl-2/Bax
- Inhibiting carcinogenesis
- Antiestrogenic action documented
- Glycyrrhizin-binding estrogen receptors
- Licorice and its isoflavone constituents
- Immune modulatory and adaptogenic property
- Clinical studies on licorice in combination with other herbs
- Demonstrated to be effective in the management of UC [20]
- A number of active chemicals
- Glycyrrhizin
- Extracted and purified from licorice
- May be useful in the treatment of UC [20]
- Could improve intestinal mucosal inflammation in rats
- Reduce expression of NF-?B, TNF-?, and ICAM-1 in inflamed mucosa [20]
- May exert its mineralocorticoid effect
- Via an inhibition of 11b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
- Could also suppress both plasma renin activity and aldosterone secretion
Malva parviflora
- Annual or perennial herb
- Up to 10–30 cm tall
- Native to North Africa, Europe, Asia, and elsewhere
- Raw leaves have a mild pleasant flavor
- Acceptable alternative to lettuce in salads [20]
- In Libya - widespread availability
- Leaves and fruit have been used as a survival food during the years of famine and war
- It was cooked as a soup or a stew and served with bread
- Presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, coumarins, and glycosides [21]
- M. parviflora leaf extracts
- Anti-inflammatory
- Analgesic
- Antioxidant
- Neuroprotective
- Antibacterial and antifungal activities [20]
- Hexane extract of M. parviflora leaves
- Efficiently inhibit insulin resistance
- Lipid abnormalities
- Oxidant stress [20]
- Decoction from aerial parts of M. parviflora
- Antiulcerogenic activity against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model in rats [21]
- Extraction with petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol
- Counter-irritant effect on rabbit's ear [20]
- Both the methanolic and aqueous extracts of M. parviflora (MEMP and AEMP)
- In the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg
- Exhibited a significant, dose-dependent amelioration of intestinal inflammation
- Histopathological study confirmed
- Noticeable healing of epithelial cells
- Less necrosis
- Colonic gland showed reparative epithelial changes [21]
- M. parviflora extracts are rich in coumarins
Malva parviflora
- Annual or perennial herb
- Up to 10–30 cm tall
- Native to North Africa, Europe, Asia, and elsewhere
- Raw leaves have a mild pleasant flavor
- Acceptable alternative to lettuce in salads [20]
- In Libya - widespread availability
- Leaves and fruit have been used as a survival food during the years of famine and war
- It was cooked as a soup or a stew and served with bread
- Presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, coumarins, and glycosides [21]
- M. parviflora leaf extracts
- Anti-inflammatory
- Analgesic
- Antioxidant
- Neuroprotective
- Antibacterial and antifungal activities [20]
- Hexane extract of M. parviflora leaves
- Efficiently inhibit insulin resistance
- Lipid abnormalities
- Oxidant stress [20]
- Decoction from aerial parts of M. parviflora
- Antiulcerogenic activity against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model in rats [21]
- Extraction with petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol
- Counter-irritant effect on rabbit's ear [20]
- Both the methanolic and aqueous extracts of M. parviflora (MEMP and AEMP)
- In the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg
- Exhibited a significant, dose-dependent amelioration of intestinal inflammation
- Histopathological study confirmed
- Noticeable healing of epithelial cells
- Less necrosis
- Colonic gland showed reparative epithelial changes [21]
- M. parviflora extracts are rich in coumarins
Melatonin (MEL)
- May be beneficial [3]
- N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine
- Derivative of tryptophan
- MEL comes from
- Pineal melatonin
- De novo synthesis within the GI tract [11]
- May have a direct effect on many GI tissues
- Endocrine, paracrine, or autocrine hormone [11]
- Influencing the regeneration and function of epithelium
- Modulating the immune milieu in the gut
- Reducing GI muscle tonus
- Targeting smooth muscle cells [11]
- Protective effect of MEL in various experimental and clinical conditions
- Important role as a regulator of inflammation
- Animal experiments, MEL administration
- Inhibition of IL-10, IFN-?, TNF-?, IL-6, and NO• [11]
- Antioxidant properties
- Free-radical scavenging;
- Reduction of HO•, ONOO-, RO2• and singlet oxygen levels [11]
- Inhibition of
- COX2 expression
- NF-kB activation
- INOS expression [11]
- Increase of Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2) expression
- Nuclear mediator for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant genes [11]
- MEL may exert benefits on UC by
- Reducing or controlling inflammation and OS [11]
- 100 mg/kg.bw/d MEL i.p. for 3 days in mice decreased:
- ROS synthesis
- Inhibition of colonic MPO activity [11]
- RONS damage
- Decrease of MDA colonic levels [11]
- Increasing colonic GSH levels and colonic SOD activity [11]
- 1 mg/kg.bw/d MEL for 8 and 18 weeks, after colitis induction by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in mice
- Significant decrease in the levels of inflammatory and oxidative colonic markers
- MPO activity
- COX2
- Signal transducer
- Activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)
- NF-kB colonic expression
- TBARS colonic levels
- DNA damage [11]
Melatonin (MEL)
- May be beneficial [3]
- N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine
- Derivative of tryptophan
- MEL comes from
- Pineal melatonin
- De novo synthesis within the GI tract [11]
- May have a direct effect on many GI tissues
- Endocrine, paracrine, or autocrine hormone [11]
- Influencing the regeneration and function of epithelium
- Modulating the immune milieu in the gut
- Reducing GI muscle tonus
- Targeting smooth muscle cells [11]
- Protective effect of MEL in various experimental and clinical conditions
- Important role as a regulator of inflammation
- Animal experiments, MEL administration
- Inhibition of IL-10, IFN-?, TNF-?, IL-6, and NO• [11]
- Antioxidant properties
- Free-radical scavenging;
- Reduction of HO•, ONOO-, RO2• and singlet oxygen levels [11]
- Inhibition of
- COX2 expression
- NF-kB activation
- INOS expression [11]
- Increase of Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2) expression
- Nuclear mediator for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant genes [11]
- MEL may exert benefits on UC by
- Reducing or controlling inflammation and OS [11]
- 100 mg/kg.bw/d MEL i.p. for 3 days in mice decreased:
- ROS synthesis
- Inhibition of colonic MPO activity [11]
- RONS damage
- Decrease of MDA colonic levels [11]
- Increasing colonic GSH levels and colonic SOD activity [11]
- 1 mg/kg.bw/d MEL for 8 and 18 weeks, after colitis induction by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in mice
- Significant decrease in the levels of inflammatory and oxidative colonic markers
- MPO activity
- COX2
- Signal transducer
- Activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)
- NF-kB colonic expression
- TBARS colonic levels
- DNA damage [11]
Fatty acids
- Propionate [16]
- Acetate [16]
- Butyrate [16]
- Omega-3 [16]
- Conjugated linoleic acid [16]
Fatty acids
- Propionate [16]
- Acetate [16]
- Butyrate [16]
- Omega-3 [16]
- Conjugated linoleic acid [16]
Mucosal Nutrients
- L-glutamine
- Phosphatidylcholine
- N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
- Gamma-linolenic acid [14]
Mucosal Nutrients
- L-glutamine
- Phosphatidylcholine
- N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
- Gamma-linolenic acid [14]
Myricetin
- Also successfully, used for IBD (animal model)
- Tested by oral administration
- Most flavonoids exhibited
- Free radical scavenger ability
- Particularly toward NO• [11]
- Reduced lipid peroxidation
- Promoted an increase in antioxidant defense
- Principally through SOD activity and GSH levels [11]
- Concurrently have pro-oxidative properties
- Some associations with potential toxicity
- Tested in animal models
- Clinical trials are necessary
- In the acute IBD phase
- In the remission phase [11]
Myricetin
- Also successfully, used for IBD (animal model)
- Tested by oral administration
- Most flavonoids exhibited
- Free radical scavenger ability
- Particularly toward NO• [11]
- Reduced lipid peroxidation
- Promoted an increase in antioxidant defense
- Principally through SOD activity and GSH levels [11]
- Concurrently have pro-oxidative properties
- Some associations with potential toxicity
- Tested in animal models
- Clinical trials are necessary
- In the acute IBD phase
- In the remission phase [11]
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (NAG)
- 375–750 mg [14]
- Naturally occurring aminoglycan
- Found in large concentrations in
- Intestinal mucus
- Secretory IgA
- Other immunoglobulins
- NAG blocks the adherence of Candida albicans to the gastrointestinal mucosa in vivo in animals
- Stimulates the growth of beneficial Bifidobacteria in vitro
- NAG is deficient in the mucin of IBD patients
- Defect in the biosynthesis of NAG
- Involving N-acetylation of glucosamine-6-phosphate to form NAG
- NAG can be absorbed from the gut lumen
- Directly incorporated into glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins of the intestinal mucosa [14]
- NAG administration in children with severe ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease
- Were unresponsive to conventional treatment [14]
- NAG orally or rectally, 3–6 g daily
- 8 of 12 children who received p.o. NAG showed clear improvement
- Symptomatic Crohn’s stricture 4 out of 7 showed endoscopic and radiological improvement
- Were able to avoid surgery over a mean follow-up period of 2.5 years [14]
- NAG administration may be useful in IBD with stricture [14]
- Amide between glucosamine and acetic acid naturally:
- Part of a biopolymer of bacterial cell wall,
- Monomeric unit of the polymer chitin
- Isolated from crab and shrimp shells, squid endoskeletons
- Major component of the cell walls of most fungi
- Polymerized with glucuronic acid forms
- Hyaluronan
- Keratan sulfate
- In cartilage, cornea, in skin, blood vessel, bone tissue, mucosa
- Linked to serine or threonine residues
- Levels of soluble tau protein in brains with AD are markedly lower than in healthy brain
- Inhibitor of elastase release from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes
- Oral polymeric N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
- Useful in treating patients with osteoarthritis
- Chitosan - deacetylation of chitin in alkalic pH
- Part of healing hydrogels and research of neuroregeneration
- Wheat germ agglutinin [WGA]
- Lectin protecting wheat (Triticum vulgaris) from insects, yeast and bacteria
- Binds to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and Sialic acid
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (NAG)
- 375–750 mg [14]
- Naturally occurring aminoglycan
- Found in large concentrations in
- Intestinal mucus
- Secretory IgA
- Other immunoglobulins
- NAG blocks the adherence of Candida albicans to the gastrointestinal mucosa in vivo in animals
- Stimulates the growth of beneficial Bifidobacteria in vitro
- NAG is deficient in the mucin of IBD patients
- Defect in the biosynthesis of NAG
- Involving N-acetylation of glucosamine-6-phosphate to form NAG
- NAG can be absorbed from the gut lumen
- Directly incorporated into glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins of the intestinal mucosa [14]
- NAG administration in children with severe ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease
- Were unresponsive to conventional treatment [14]
- NAG orally or rectally, 3–6 g daily
- 8 of 12 children who received p.o. NAG showed clear improvement
- Symptomatic Crohn’s stricture 4 out of 7 showed endoscopic and radiological improvement
- Were able to avoid surgery over a mean follow-up period of 2.5 years [14]
- NAG administration may be useful in IBD with stricture [14]
- Amide between glucosamine and acetic acid naturally:
- Part of a biopolymer of bacterial cell wall,
- Monomeric unit of the polymer chitin
- Isolated from crab and shrimp shells, squid endoskeletons
- Major component of the cell walls of most fungi
- Polymerized with glucuronic acid forms
- Hyaluronan
- Keratan sulfate
- In cartilage, cornea, in skin, blood vessel, bone tissue, mucosa
- Linked to serine or threonine residues
- Levels of soluble tau protein in brains with AD are markedly lower than in healthy brain
- Inhibitor of elastase release from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes
- Oral polymeric N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
- Useful in treating patients with osteoarthritis
- Chitosan - deacetylation of chitin in alkalic pH
- Part of healing hydrogels and research of neuroregeneration
- Wheat germ agglutinin [WGA]
- Lectin protecting wheat (Triticum vulgaris) from insects, yeast and bacteria
- Binds to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and Sialic acid
N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC)
- 150–300 mg [14]
- Antioxidant, detoxifier
- Precursor for glutathione synthesis on oral administration in humans [14]
- NAC and glutathione quench free radicals
- Pre-treatment with NAC [14]
- Prevent increased IP following intestinal ischemia and reperfusion in animals [14]
- Antioxidant, detoxifier, mucolytic agent.
- Precursor for glutathione synthesis [via cystein - SE: homocystein][14]
- May serve as a substrate for microsomal glutathione transferase.
- Increases cellular pools of free radical scavengers.
- Pre-treatment prevent increased IP following intestinal ischemia and reperfusion in animals [14]
- Reported to prevent apoptosis in neuronal cells but induce apoptosis in smooth muscle cells.
- NAC appears to normalize glutamate neurotransmission into the nucleus accumbens and other brain structures
- Inhibits influenza viruses, HIV replication.
- Bactericidal - Breaks down bacterial biofilms of
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Enterococcus faecalis
- Enterobacter cloacae
- Staphylococcus epidermidis
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Cysteine prodrug
- GSH precursor
- Thiol (R-SH)
- Can be oxidized by various radicals
- Nucleophile
- Artificial antioxidant
- Positive results in both IBD animal models and clinical trials [11]
- Antioxidant capacity reduction in a cellular environment
- Mainly due to a decrease of GSH and/or increased oxidized glutathione (GSSG) [11]
- GSH depletion has been observed in both IBD patients and different models of colitis induction [11]
- NAC increases antioxidant defense activity
- By providing cysteine
- Required for GSH synthesis
- Decreases OS by scavenging
- RONS (HO•, NO2•)
- Carbonate radical (CO3•–) [11]
- Metal chelation (Cu+2, Fe+3, Cd2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+) [11]
- NF-kB inhibition
- May contribute to the therapeutic effects of NAC on IBD
- Oral NAC (150 mg/kg bw/d) for 45 days along with 3 DSS cycles
- Moderate impact on colonic oxidation of lipids and proteins
- Decreased colonic MPO and NO• serum levels
- Improved colon antioxidant status
- By increasing GSH and CAT activities
- Long term NAC diet might be beneficial for IBD [11]
N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC)
- 150–300 mg [14]
- Antioxidant, detoxifier
- Precursor for glutathione synthesis on oral administration in humans [14]
- NAC and glutathione quench free radicals
- Pre-treatment with NAC [14]
- Prevent increased IP following intestinal ischemia and reperfusion in animals [14]
- Antioxidant, detoxifier, mucolytic agent.
- Precursor for glutathione synthesis [via cystein - SE: homocystein][14]
- May serve as a substrate for microsomal glutathione transferase.
- Increases cellular pools of free radical scavengers.
- Pre-treatment prevent increased IP following intestinal ischemia and reperfusion in animals [14]
- Reported to prevent apoptosis in neuronal cells but induce apoptosis in smooth muscle cells.
- NAC appears to normalize glutamate neurotransmission into the nucleus accumbens and other brain structures
- Inhibits influenza viruses, HIV replication.
- Bactericidal - Breaks down bacterial biofilms of
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Enterococcus faecalis
- Enterobacter cloacae
- Staphylococcus epidermidis
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Cysteine prodrug
- GSH precursor
- Thiol (R-SH)
- Can be oxidized by various radicals
- Nucleophile
- Artificial antioxidant
- Positive results in both IBD animal models and clinical trials [11]
- Antioxidant capacity reduction in a cellular environment
- Mainly due to a decrease of GSH and/or increased oxidized glutathione (GSSG) [11]
- GSH depletion has been observed in both IBD patients and different models of colitis induction [11]
- NAC increases antioxidant defense activity
- By providing cysteine
- Required for GSH synthesis
- Decreases OS by scavenging
- RONS (HO•, NO2•)
- Carbonate radical (CO3•–) [11]
- Metal chelation (Cu+2, Fe+3, Cd2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+) [11]
- NF-kB inhibition
- May contribute to the therapeutic effects of NAC on IBD
- Oral NAC (150 mg/kg bw/d) for 45 days along with 3 DSS cycles
- Moderate impact on colonic oxidation of lipids and proteins
- Decreased colonic MPO and NO• serum levels
- Improved colon antioxidant status
- By increasing GSH and CAT activities
- Long term NAC diet might be beneficial for IBD [11]
Naringenin
- And hesperetin, curcumin, quercetin collectively
- Restoring DSS-induced colitis, at least in part
- Regulation of the colonic and tight junction (TJ) barriers [11]
- Also successfully, used for IBD (animal model)
- Tested by oral administration
- Most flavonoids exhibited
- Free radical scavenger ability
- Particularly toward NO• [11]
- Reduced lipid peroxidation
- Promoted an increase in antioxidant defense
- Principally through SOD activity and GSH levels [11]
- Concurrently have pro-oxidative properties
- Some associations with potential toxicity
- Tested in animal models
- Clinical trials are necessary
- In the acute IBD phase
- In the remission phase [11]
Naringenin
- And hesperetin, curcumin, quercetin collectively
- Restoring DSS-induced colitis, at least in part
- Regulation of the colonic and tight junction (TJ) barriers [11]
- Also successfully, used for IBD (animal model)
- Tested by oral administration
- Most flavonoids exhibited
- Free radical scavenger ability
- Particularly toward NO• [11]
- Reduced lipid peroxidation
- Promoted an increase in antioxidant defense
- Principally through SOD activity and GSH levels [11]
- Concurrently have pro-oxidative properties
- Some associations with potential toxicity
- Tested in animal models
- Clinical trials are necessary
- In the acute IBD phase
- In the remission phase [11]
NF-kappa B
- Essential role in Paneth and goblet cell differentiation [24]
NF-kappa B
- Essential role in Paneth and goblet cell differentiation [24]
Nikotin
- Studies using a transdermal nicotine patch
- Have shown clinical and histological improvement [3]
- In one double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted in the United Kingdom
- 48.6% of patients who used the nicotine patch, in conjunction with their standard treatment
- Complete resolution of symptoms [3]
- Another randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-center clinical trial conducted in the United States
- 39% of patients who used the patch showed significant improvement
- Versus 9% of those given a placebo [3]
- Use of a transdermal nicotine patch without the addition of other standard treatments
- Such as mesalazine
- Has relapse occurrence rates similar to standard treatment without the use of nicotine [3]
Nikotin
- Studies using a transdermal nicotine patch
- Have shown clinical and histological improvement [3]
- In one double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted in the United Kingdom
- 48.6% of patients who used the nicotine patch, in conjunction with their standard treatment
- Complete resolution of symptoms [3]
- Another randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-center clinical trial conducted in the United States
- 39% of patients who used the patch showed significant improvement
- Versus 9% of those given a placebo [3]
- Use of a transdermal nicotine patch without the addition of other standard treatments
- Such as mesalazine
- Has relapse occurrence rates similar to standard treatment without the use of nicotine [3]
Notch signaling
- May promote the rapid expansion of epithelial cells following restitution
- By maintaining crypt cells at an undifferentiated state
Inhibition of Notch signaling
- Gamma-secretase inhibitor
- Down-regulated intestinal cell proliferation [23]
Activation of Notch signaling
- Role in recovery from colitis
- Activated in increased number of intestinal epithelial cells in IBD patients [23]
Notch signaling
- May promote the rapid expansion of epithelial cells following restitution
- By maintaining crypt cells at an undifferentiated state
Inhibition of Notch signaling
- Gamma-secretase inhibitor
- Down-regulated intestinal cell proliferation [23]
Activation of Notch signaling
- Role in recovery from colitis
- Activated in increased number of intestinal epithelial cells in IBD patients [23]
Olivový olej, extra virgine - (EVOO)
- From the fruit of the olive tree
- Could modulate responses against OS, consequently attenuate IBD
- Increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as
- CAT
- SOD
- GPX
- High proportions of mono-unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid)
- A balanced presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids
- Minor components
- ?-tocopherol
- phenolic compounds
- Simple phenols
- Hydroxytyrosol
- Tyrosol
- Aldehydic secoiridoids
- flavonoids
- Lignans
- Acetoxypinoresinol
- Pinoresinol [11]
- Patients with IBD are among the highest risk groups for developing colon-rectal cancer (CRC)
- Role of dietary lipids on cancer
- Particularly in colon tumor development
- High fat diets rich in
- ?-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids promote carcinogenesis
- ?-3 fatty acids had a protective effect [11]
- Chronic inflammation is the key predisposing factor to CRC in IBD
- EVOO diet (5%) in DSS-induced colitis for 5 weeks In animals
- Suppression of COX2 and iNOS colonic expressions
- COX2 is expressed in response to TGF alfa, IL-1 alfa
- INOS produces large amounts of NO•
- Implicated in initiation, promotion and progression of tumors
- Chronic feeding of a 5% olive oil diet for 5 weeks
- Attenuates inflammation in DSS-induced colitis of rat colons [11]
- EVOO diet enriched with its principal polyphenols-hydroxytyrosyl acetate (HTy-Ac) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG)
- Both at 0.1% for 30 d before c.i. on the severity of DSS-induced acute inflammation
- HTy-Ac supplemented group
- Reduction in COX2 and iNOS colonic protein expression
- Blocked the activation of the NF-kB pathway
- Boosted antioxidant defenses
- Decrease of MPO colonic activity
- Reduction of the degree of polymorphonuclear neutrophils infiltration [11]
- Protective activity of olive oil on
- Colon cancer
- Anti-inflammatory
- Antioxidant properties
- Experimental and clinical studies are needed
- To investigate whether olive oil intake and its doses are effective to attenuate OS and inflammation in UC [11]
Olivový olej, extra virgine - (EVOO)
- From the fruit of the olive tree
- Could modulate responses against OS, consequently attenuate IBD
- Increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as
- CAT
- SOD
- GPX
- High proportions of mono-unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid)
- A balanced presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids
- Minor components
- ?-tocopherol
- phenolic compounds
- Simple phenols
- Hydroxytyrosol
- Tyrosol
- Aldehydic secoiridoids
- flavonoids
- Lignans
- Acetoxypinoresinol
- Pinoresinol [11]
- Patients with IBD are among the highest risk groups for developing colon-rectal cancer (CRC)
- Role of dietary lipids on cancer
- Particularly in colon tumor development
- High fat diets rich in
- ?-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids promote carcinogenesis
- ?-3 fatty acids had a protective effect [11]
- Chronic inflammation is the key predisposing factor to CRC in IBD
- EVOO diet (5%) in DSS-induced colitis for 5 weeks In animals
- Suppression of COX2 and iNOS colonic expressions
- COX2 is expressed in response to TGF alfa, IL-1 alfa
- INOS produces large amounts of NO•
- Implicated in initiation, promotion and progression of tumors
- Chronic feeding of a 5% olive oil diet for 5 weeks
- Attenuates inflammation in DSS-induced colitis of rat colons [11]
- EVOO diet enriched with its principal polyphenols-hydroxytyrosyl acetate (HTy-Ac) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG)
- Both at 0.1% for 30 d before c.i. on the severity of DSS-induced acute inflammation
- HTy-Ac supplemented group
- Reduction in COX2 and iNOS colonic protein expression
- Blocked the activation of the NF-kB pathway
- Boosted antioxidant defenses
- Decrease of MPO colonic activity
- Reduction of the degree of polymorphonuclear neutrophils infiltration [11]
- Protective activity of olive oil on
- Colon cancer
- Anti-inflammatory
- Antioxidant properties
- Experimental and clinical studies are needed
- To investigate whether olive oil intake and its doses are effective to attenuate OS and inflammation in UC [11]
Onion
Onion
Peppermint oil capsules
Peppermint oil capsules
Phosphatidylcholine (PC)
- 75–150 mg [14]
- Constituent of human bile
- Key component of the hydrophobic mucus gel that protects the gastrointestinal mucosa
- Exposure to lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
- Can cause injury to both gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal tissues [14]
- Oral administration of PC prior to LPS exposure significantly
- Prevented pathological increases in IP [14]
- Enteral formulations containing PC
- May be useful adjuncts in preventing intestinal injury
- Preventing increased permeability from exposure to intestinal endotoxins [14] [16]
- PC administration
- Can enhance the protective effect of conjugated bile salts
- Reducing IP to endotoxin
- Suppressing production of inflammatory cytokines [14]
- Addition of PC to conjugated primary bile salts
- Can reverse ethanol-induced increases in IP to endotoxin
- Prevent inflammatory activation of leukocytes [14]
- Ethanol is known to
- Enhance transepithelial permeability to endotoxin
- Activation of human leukocytes
- Nearly completely abolished after apical supplementation of CPBS with PC
- But not by CPBS alone [14]
Essentiale Forte - 300mg
- Essential phospholipids (EPLs)
- Derived from soya beans
- Membrane building blocks
Phosphatidylcholine (PC)
- 75–150 mg [14]
- Constituent of human bile
- Key component of the hydrophobic mucus gel that protects the gastrointestinal mucosa
- Exposure to lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
- Can cause injury to both gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal tissues [14]
- Oral administration of PC prior to LPS exposure significantly
- Prevented pathological increases in IP [14]
- Enteral formulations containing PC
- May be useful adjuncts in preventing intestinal injury
- Preventing increased permeability from exposure to intestinal endotoxins [14] [16]
- PC administration
- Can enhance the protective effect of conjugated bile salts
- Reducing IP to endotoxin
- Suppressing production of inflammatory cytokines [14]
- Addition of PC to conjugated primary bile salts
- Can reverse ethanol-induced increases in IP to endotoxin
- Prevent inflammatory activation of leukocytes [14]
- Ethanol is known to
- Enhance transepithelial permeability to endotoxin
- Activation of human leukocytes
- Nearly completely abolished after apical supplementation of CPBS with PC
- But not by CPBS alone [14]
Essentiale Forte - 300mg
- Essential phospholipids (EPLs)
- Derived from soya beans
- Membrane building blocks
Polyfenoly
- Polyphenols or phenolic compounds
- Broad group of molecules
- Mainly in plants
- Characterized by the presence of
- One or more phenyl rings
- One or more hydroxyl groups
- Linked directly to the aromatic rings
- Five structural groups:
- phenolic acids
- flavonoids
- Anthocyanins
- Stilbenes
- Lignans
- Polyphenols are health-promoting phytochemicals
- Antioxidant properties
- Directly as free-radical scavengers
- Indirectly by interfering with specific proteins in the redox signaling pathways [11]
- Interfere with the induction of NF-kB and MAPKs signaling pathways in intestinal cells
- Most of the studied polyphenols exhibited
- Anti-inflammatory behavior
- By inhibiting the activation of the NF-kB cascade
- Some polyphenols
Polyfenoly
- Polyphenols or phenolic compounds
- Broad group of molecules
- Mainly in plants
- Characterized by the presence of
- One or more phenyl rings
- One or more hydroxyl groups
- Linked directly to the aromatic rings
- Five structural groups:
- phenolic acids
- flavonoids
- Anthocyanins
- Stilbenes
- Lignans
- Polyphenols are health-promoting phytochemicals
- Antioxidant properties
- Directly as free-radical scavengers
- Indirectly by interfering with specific proteins in the redox signaling pathways [11]
- Interfere with the induction of NF-kB and MAPKs signaling pathways in intestinal cells
- Most of the studied polyphenols exhibited
- Anti-inflammatory behavior
- By inhibiting the activation of the NF-kB cascade
- Some polyphenols
Prebiotics
- Reduced gut permeability in atopic dermatitis [10]
Prebiotics
- Reduced gut permeability in atopic dermatitis [10]
Probiotic carbohydrates
- Lowered IP and inflammation in metabolic diseases [10]
Probiotic carbohydrates
- Lowered IP and inflammation in metabolic diseases [10]
Probiotické bakterie
- Able to compete with pathogens for nutrients for growth and adhesion [11]
- Metabolites secreted by probiotic bacteria may
- Strengthen intestinal TJ via a cell signaling pathway [11]
- Dysbiosis can result in immune impairment effects associated with IBD
- Top probiotic and fermented foods include:
- Kefir
- Sauerkraut
- Kimchi
- Natto
- Probiotic yogurt
- Miso
- Kombucha
- Raw cheese
- Bryndza
Probiotické bakterie
- Live microorganisms confer a health benefit on the host [11]
- Metal ion chelation
- Enzyme inhibition
- Reduction and inhibition of the ascorbate autoxidation
- Synthesis of antioxidant enzymes by bacteria used in the formulas [11]
- SOD
- Production of antioxidant biomolecules
- ROS scavenging
- Exopolysaccharides
- In vitro antioxidant
- Free-radical scavenging activities [11]
- In healthy subjects
- Increased Total Antioxidant Activity – TAA – and Total Antioxidant Status – TAS
- Decreased ROS production [11]
- These microorganisms have been shown to increase
- SOD
- CAT
- GPx activity
- GSH levels
- Reduce
- MPO
- NO• activity
- Recombinant probiotics [11]
- Probiotics stimulate mucin gene expression in colonic epithelial cells [16]
Lactobacillus
Bifidobacterium
E. coli Nissle 1917 (Mutaflor)
- Daily use of 200 mg of E. coli Nissle 1917
- May be an option for UC patients who are unable or unwilling to take mesalazine
- Recognized by the British Society of Gastroenterology [11]
- Spontaneous development of intestinal inflammation can be prevented by Escherichia coli ssp. [16]
Lactobacillus salivarius
- Determined to significantly reduce
- Inflammation indicators in the colon
- Proinflammatory cytokine production in IL-10 knockout mice [16]
Lactobacillus rhamnosus
- P75 and p40 proteins obtained from GG culture supernatant
- Inhibit epithelial injury to the colon stimulated by TNF
Probiotické bakterie
- Able to compete with pathogens for nutrients for growth and adhesion [11]
- Metabolites secreted by probiotic bacteria may
- Strengthen intestinal TJ via a cell signaling pathway [11]
- Dysbiosis can result in immune impairment effects associated with IBD
- Top probiotic and fermented foods include:
- Kefir
- Sauerkraut
- Kimchi
- Natto
- Probiotic yogurt
- Miso
- Kombucha
- Raw cheese
- Bryndza
Probiotické bakterie
- Live microorganisms confer a health benefit on the host [11]
- Metal ion chelation
- Enzyme inhibition
- Reduction and inhibition of the ascorbate autoxidation
- Synthesis of antioxidant enzymes by bacteria used in the formulas [11]
- SOD
- Production of antioxidant biomolecules
- ROS scavenging
- Exopolysaccharides
- In vitro antioxidant
- Free-radical scavenging activities [11]
- In healthy subjects
- Increased Total Antioxidant Activity – TAA – and Total Antioxidant Status – TAS
- Decreased ROS production [11]
- These microorganisms have been shown to increase
- SOD
- CAT
- GPx activity
- GSH levels
- Reduce
- MPO
- NO• activity
- Recombinant probiotics [11]
- Probiotics stimulate mucin gene expression in colonic epithelial cells [16]
Lactobacillus
Bifidobacterium
E. coli Nissle 1917 (Mutaflor)
- Daily use of 200 mg of E. coli Nissle 1917
- May be an option for UC patients who are unable or unwilling to take mesalazine
- Recognized by the British Society of Gastroenterology [11]
- Spontaneous development of intestinal inflammation can be prevented by Escherichia coli ssp. [16]
Lactobacillus salivarius
- Determined to significantly reduce
- Inflammation indicators in the colon
- Proinflammatory cytokine production in IL-10 knockout mice [16]
Lactobacillus rhamnosus
- P75 and p40 proteins obtained from GG culture supernatant
- Inhibit epithelial injury to the colon stimulated by TNF
Propionyl-L-carnitine (PLC)
- A natural ester derivative of L-carnitine
- Acts as an antioxidant molecule
- Reduced in the serum of UC patients
- This molecule can serve as a source of L-carnitine
- Transports activated long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix, for ß-oxidation
- PLC caused decreased symptoms (pain and rectal bleeding) in UC patients, compared to a placebo group [11]
- Multicentric trial
- PLC can be an important scavenger and synthesis inhibitor of ROS
- Safe therapeutic alternative
- Safe doses and long-term studies are still necessary to ensure its correct prescription by health professionals [11]
Propionyl-L-carnitine (PLC)
- A natural ester derivative of L-carnitine
- Acts as an antioxidant molecule
- Reduced in the serum of UC patients
- This molecule can serve as a source of L-carnitine
- Transports activated long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix, for ß-oxidation
- PLC caused decreased symptoms (pain and rectal bleeding) in UC patients, compared to a placebo group [11]
- Multicentric trial
- PLC can be an important scavenger and synthesis inhibitor of ROS
- Safe therapeutic alternative
- Safe doses and long-term studies are still necessary to ensure its correct prescription by health professionals [11]
Protamine
- Arginine-rich protein
- Decreases paracellular flow of lactulose in vivo in rat small intestines [11]
Protamine
- Arginine-rich protein
- Decreases paracellular flow of lactulose in vivo in rat small intestines [11]
Psyllium seed Husk
- 1-5g/d [14]
- After 3 months of treatment, patients in the psyllium group
- Significant reduction in symptom severity in IBD
- Clinical trial, combined treatment with psyllium and probiotic Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli
- Significantly improve symptoms of diarrhea and abdominal pain in patients with Crohn’s disease [14]
- Shrub-like herb called Plantago ovata
- Mucilaginous fiber
- Gel-forming properties in water [20]
- Use as a laxative as it absorbs water and expands
- Contains a largely insoluble fiber (hemicellulose)
- Helps to retain water
- Effectively increases stool moisture content and weight [20]
- Hypocholesterolemic effects
- Increases the activity of cholesterol 7?-hydroxylase cytochrome 7A
- A rate-limiting enzyme in bile acid synthesis
- More than twice that of cellulose or oat bran
- Less than cholestyramine [20]
- Double-blind trial, patient with UC
- 20 g of ground psyllium seeds twice daily with water + standard teraphy
- Reduction in bleeding
- Remained in remission longer
- Compared with those who were on the medication mesalazine alone [20]
Psyllium seed Husk
- 1-5g/d [14]
- After 3 months of treatment, patients in the psyllium group
- Significant reduction in symptom severity in IBD
- Clinical trial, combined treatment with psyllium and probiotic Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli
- Significantly improve symptoms of diarrhea and abdominal pain in patients with Crohn’s disease [14]
- Shrub-like herb called Plantago ovata
- Mucilaginous fiber
- Gel-forming properties in water [20]
- Use as a laxative as it absorbs water and expands
- Contains a largely insoluble fiber (hemicellulose)
- Helps to retain water
- Effectively increases stool moisture content and weight [20]
- Hypocholesterolemic effects
- Increases the activity of cholesterol 7?-hydroxylase cytochrome 7A
- A rate-limiting enzyme in bile acid synthesis
- More than twice that of cellulose or oat bran
- Less than cholestyramine [20]
- Double-blind trial, patient with UC
- 20 g of ground psyllium seeds twice daily with water + standard teraphy
- Reduction in bleeding
- Remained in remission longer
- Compared with those who were on the medication mesalazine alone [20]
PUFA
- Polyunsaturated fatty acids
- Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) - 200–400 mg [14]
- Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
- Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) [14]
- Incorporated in to the membrane phospholipids fraction of human mucosal epithelial cells
- Reduce mucosal permeability defects caused by inflammatory cytokines [14]
Omega 3-polyunsaturated fatty acids
- Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
- Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA))
- ?3-PUFA-derived resolvins
- Ameliorated symptoms of experimental colitis in mice and rats
Fish oil, and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) derived from fish oil
- Inhibits leukotriene activity
- no conclusive studies in support and no recommended dosage
- EPA between 180 and 1500 mg/day are recommended for other conditions, most commonly cardiac
- 2010 case report published in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine: [19]
- 38-year-old woman who had ulcerative colitis and used omega-3 fatty acids as part of her treatment
- In 1998, at the age of 27, she went to the emergency department after 10 days of bloody diarrhea and lower abdominal cramping pain.
- She described up to 15 bowel motions daily with urgency, and she lost approximately 6 pounds. She was also clinically dehydrated.
- EPA and DHA doses were well-tolerated and had no side effects.
- Her bowel frequency slowly decreased, and within a week all rectal bleeding had resolved. [19]
- The woman continued to take one gram of omega-3s and 2.4 grams of mesalazine
- Anti-inflammatory medication that did not have the same reactions when given alone. [19]
- The patient went into remission after adding omega-3s into her diet. [19]
PUFA
- Polyunsaturated fatty acids
- Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) - 200–400 mg [14]
- Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
- Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) [14]
- Incorporated in to the membrane phospholipids fraction of human mucosal epithelial cells
- Reduce mucosal permeability defects caused by inflammatory cytokines [14]
Omega 3-polyunsaturated fatty acids
- Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
- Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA))
- ?3-PUFA-derived resolvins
- Ameliorated symptoms of experimental colitis in mice and rats
Fish oil, and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) derived from fish oil
- Inhibits leukotriene activity
- no conclusive studies in support and no recommended dosage
- EPA between 180 and 1500 mg/day are recommended for other conditions, most commonly cardiac
- 2010 case report published in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine: [19]
- 38-year-old woman who had ulcerative colitis and used omega-3 fatty acids as part of her treatment
- In 1998, at the age of 27, she went to the emergency department after 10 days of bloody diarrhea and lower abdominal cramping pain.
- She described up to 15 bowel motions daily with urgency, and she lost approximately 6 pounds. She was also clinically dehydrated.
- EPA and DHA doses were well-tolerated and had no side effects.
- Her bowel frequency slowly decreased, and within a week all rectal bleeding had resolved. [19]
- The woman continued to take one gram of omega-3s and 2.4 grams of mesalazine
- Anti-inflammatory medication that did not have the same reactions when given alone. [19]
- The patient went into remission after adding omega-3s into her diet. [19]
Qingchang Shuan
- Chinese herbal suppository
- Commonly used for the treatment of UC
- Effects of clearing away heat and toxic materials
- Promoting tissue regeneration by removing blood stasis
Qingchang Shuan
- Chinese herbal suppository
- Commonly used for the treatment of UC
- Effects of clearing away heat and toxic materials
- Promoting tissue regeneration by removing blood stasis
Quercetin
- 400–800 mg [14]
- Increases TEER
- Reduces paracellular flux of Lucifer yellow across Caco-2 monolayers
- In a dose-dependent manner [11]
- Increase in claudin-4
- Expression of claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-2 was not affected
- Redistributed and associated with the actin cytoskeleton [11]
- Greater localization of claudin-1 and -4 at TJ in Caco-2 cells
- Inhibit activity of PKC?
- TJ regulation by quercetin is likely PKC? dependent [11]
- Enhance intestinal barrier functions in human intestinal cells [14]
- Inhibiting histamine release from human intestinal mast cells [14]
- Inhibit gene expression and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as
- Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)
- Interleukin (IL) 1-beta
- IL-6
- IL-8 from human mast cells [14]
- Anti-allergic drug disodium cromoglycate is structurally related to quercetin [14]
- Benefit in a number of conditions including systolic hypertension, interstitial cystitis, and chronic prostatitis [14]
- Significantly decreased plasma-oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations [14]
- curcumin, naringenin or hesperetin collectively
- Restoring DSS-induced colitis, at least in part
- Through regulation of the colonic and tight junction (TJ) barriers [11]
- Was able to prevent oxidative injury and cell death by various mechanisms
- ROS scavenger
- Iron chelator
- Endogenous antioxidant (GSH) modulator [11]
- Important role in
- Cell cycle kinetics
- Proliferation
- Induction of apoptosis in cell culture [11]
- Quercetin antioxidant capacity includes
- Most potent ROS
- O2•-, HO•, RO2•, RO• [11]
- Reactive nitrogen species
- NO• and ONOO– [11]
- Orally administered doses
- 50 and 100 mg/kg.bw/d
- For 10 days
- In TNBS (trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid)-colitis
- Both therapeutic doses significantly attenuated
- Colonic MPO activity
- MDA levels
- Serum NO• levels
- Increased the colonic levels of GSH [11]
- Orally administered quercetin in microcapsules (100 mg/kg bw/d) on acetic acid-induced colitis
- Reduced MPO
- Increased GSH colon levels
- Presented an elevated antioxidant capacity [11]
- Maintaining the intestinal barrier function by
- Selective protein kinase C ? (PKC?) inhibition
- Promotion of occludin phosphorylation of TJ (tight junctions) assembly [11]
Quercetin
- 400–800 mg [14]
- Increases TEER
- Reduces paracellular flux of Lucifer yellow across Caco-2 monolayers
- In a dose-dependent manner [11]
- Increase in claudin-4
- Expression of claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-2 was not affected
- Redistributed and associated with the actin cytoskeleton [11]
- Greater localization of claudin-1 and -4 at TJ in Caco-2 cells
- Inhibit activity of PKC?
- TJ regulation by quercetin is likely PKC? dependent [11]
- Enhance intestinal barrier functions in human intestinal cells [14]
- Inhibiting histamine release from human intestinal mast cells [14]
- Inhibit gene expression and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as
- Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)
- Interleukin (IL) 1-beta
- IL-6
- IL-8 from human mast cells [14]
- Anti-allergic drug disodium cromoglycate is structurally related to quercetin [14]
- Benefit in a number of conditions including systolic hypertension, interstitial cystitis, and chronic prostatitis [14]
- Significantly decreased plasma-oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations [14]
- curcumin, naringenin or hesperetin collectively
- Restoring DSS-induced colitis, at least in part
- Through regulation of the colonic and tight junction (TJ) barriers [11]
- Was able to prevent oxidative injury and cell death by various mechanisms
- ROS scavenger
- Iron chelator
- Endogenous antioxidant (GSH) modulator [11]
- Important role in
- Cell cycle kinetics
- Proliferation
- Induction of apoptosis in cell culture [11]
- Quercetin antioxidant capacity includes
- Most potent ROS
- O2•-, HO•, RO2•, RO• [11]
- Reactive nitrogen species
- NO• and ONOO– [11]
- Orally administered doses
- 50 and 100 mg/kg.bw/d
- For 10 days
- In TNBS (trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid)-colitis
- Both therapeutic doses significantly attenuated
- Colonic MPO activity
- MDA levels
- Serum NO• levels
- Increased the colonic levels of GSH [11]
- Orally administered quercetin in microcapsules (100 mg/kg bw/d) on acetic acid-induced colitis
- Reduced MPO
- Increased GSH colon levels
- Presented an elevated antioxidant capacity [11]
- Maintaining the intestinal barrier function by
- Selective protein kinase C ? (PKC?) inhibition
- Promotion of occludin phosphorylation of TJ (tight junctions) assembly [11]
Resveratrol
- Widely distributed in all foods of plant origin such as
- Red grapes
- Certain berries
- Peanuts
- Low bioavailability pro střevní buňky
- Rapid absorption in upper gastrointestinal tract and liver metabolism
- resveratrol-colon-specific drug delivery system
- Was designed to overcome its
- Poor solubility
- Limited stability
- High metabolization in the upper GIT
- Increased efficacy, restoring enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense
- Decreased adverse effects
- Pilot study observed important antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on the activity of plasmatic NF-?B
- Is able to attenuate UC activity
- May act, also, as an anticancer agent [11]
- Use of a colon-specific delivery of resveratrol in rats with colitis
- Decrease in colonic MPO activity [11]
- Trans-resveratrol
- In studies by Larrosa et al. [138] and Yao et al. [139]
- Decrease in colonic MPO activity [11]
- Decreased COX1 and COX2 enzymes
- resveratrol use
- Lower markers for OS
- Decrease of colonic expression of iNOS and NF-kB in addition to MDA and colonic MPO levels [11]
- resveratrol dosage
- Maximizing health benefits without raising toxicity problems
- Area of controversial debate
- resveratrol can have a potent non-specific toxicity toward normal cells
- Endothelial cells with a low oxidative condition
- Resveratrol, in high concentration
- Dangerous compound rather than as an antioxidant
- Metabolization through anti-xenobiotic enzymes
- Thus producing ROS [11]
Resveratrol
- Widely distributed in all foods of plant origin such as
- Red grapes
- Certain berries
- Peanuts
- Low bioavailability pro střevní buňky
- Rapid absorption in upper gastrointestinal tract and liver metabolism
- resveratrol-colon-specific drug delivery system
- Was designed to overcome its
- Poor solubility
- Limited stability
- High metabolization in the upper GIT
- Increased efficacy, restoring enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense
- Decreased adverse effects
- Pilot study observed important antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on the activity of plasmatic NF-?B
- Is able to attenuate UC activity
- May act, also, as an anticancer agent [11]
- Use of a colon-specific delivery of resveratrol in rats with colitis
- Decrease in colonic MPO activity [11]
- Trans-resveratrol
- In studies by Larrosa et al. [138] and Yao et al. [139]
- Decrease in colonic MPO activity [11]
- Decreased COX1 and COX2 enzymes
- resveratrol use
- Lower markers for OS
- Decrease of colonic expression of iNOS and NF-kB in addition to MDA and colonic MPO levels [11]
- resveratrol dosage
- Maximizing health benefits without raising toxicity problems
- Area of controversial debate
- resveratrol can have a potent non-specific toxicity toward normal cells
- Endothelial cells with a low oxidative condition
- Resveratrol, in high concentration
- Dangerous compound rather than as an antioxidant
- Metabolization through anti-xenobiotic enzymes
- Thus producing ROS [11]
S-methylmethionine
- Significant decreased rate of relapse when the medication was used in conjunction with oral sulfasalazine [3]
S-methylmethionine
- Significant decreased rate of relapse when the medication was used in conjunction with oral sulfasalazine [3]
SCD Dieta
- Rodzělení potravin zde
- Je-li zde některá jinak třeba velmi prospěšná potravina uvedena jako nevhodná, pak je to pouze proto, že obsahuje disacharidy, polysacharidy, případně vyvolává imunitní reakce, dráždí střeva, či jiným způsobem znemožňuje uzdravování prostřednictvím SCD.
Vhodné
- Ananas
- Ananasový meloun
- Ančovičky
- Annatto
- Annona Cherimola
- Artičoky (francouzské)
- Avokádo
- Avokádový olej
- Banán
- Bazalka
- Bílá ředkev
- Benzoát sodný
- Bylinky
- Bobkový list
- Bobule/Plody
- Bourbon
- Brazilské oříšky (para)
- Brokolice
- Broskve
- Brukev zelná
- Brusinkový Džus
- Celer hlíznatý
- Celer řapíkatý
- Celer zahradní
- Celulóza (přídavek)
- Cibule
- Citron
- Citrát hořečnatý
- Citrusy
- Cuketa
- Čaj
- Čaj zelený
- Černá ředkev
- Česnek
- Čínské zelí
- Čočka červená
- Datle
- Domácí jogurt
- Drůbeží
- Dýně
- Dýně Hokaido
- Dýně máslová
- Fazole černé
- Fazole haricot
- Fazole Lima
- Fazole ledvinové
- Fazolové lusky
- Fenykl
- Fíky
- Fosfatidylcholin
- Gin
- Glycerin
- Glycerol
- Grep
- Hořčice
- Houba Reishi
- Houby
- Hovězí
- Hrách
- Hroznový olej
- Hroznová šťáva
- Hrozny
- Hrušky
- Chřest
- Jablečný mošt
- Jablka
- Jalapeno
- Jedlá soda
- Jehněčí
- Jogurt domácí
- Kakaové máslo
- Kapara trnitá
- Kapusta
- Kapusta růžičková
- Kaštany
- Káva
- Kdoule (Dula)
- Kešu
- Kimchi
- Kiwi
- Kokos
- Kokosová mouka
- Kokosové mléko
- Kokosový olej
- Koriandr
- Korýš
- Koření
- Křen
- Křenová omáčka
- Kumqat nagami
- Květák
- Kysané zelí
- Kyselina Askorbová
- Kyselina asparagová
- Kyselina citrónová
- L-theanine
- Lecitin
- Leucine
- Lilek
- Loupaný hrách
- Luštěniny
- Magnesium
- Majonéza
- Mandarinky
- Mandle
- Mandlové máslo
- Mandlové mléko
- Mandlový olej
- Mango
- Mangold
- Maracuja
- Maso
- Maso sušené
- Máslo
- Máta
- Mátový čáj
- Med
- Meloun
- Meruňka
- Modrý sýr
- Mrkev
- Nektarinky
- Nové koření
- Ocet
- Okurka polní
- Olej z makadamových ořechů
- Olej z vlašských ořechů
- Olej ze lněného semínka
- Olej ze světlice
- Olivový olej
- Olivy
- Oregáno
- Oříský lískové
- Oříšky muškátové
- Oříšky piniové
- Oříšky makadamové
- Oříšky vlašské
- Ovoce sušené
- Ovoce živé
- Oxid křemičnatý
- Papaya
- Paprika
- Paprika koření
- Patizon
- Pekanové ořechy
- Pelyněk
- Petržel
- Pistácie
- Pomelo
- Pomeranče
- Pomerančový džus
- Pórek
- Potočnice lékařská
- Rajčata
- Rajčatový džus bez cukru
- Rajčatový džus z konzervy
- Rebarbora
- Rozinky
- Rozmarýn
- Ryba v konzervě
- Ryby
- Ředkvičky
- Řepa červená
- Řeřicha
- Saccharomyces boulardii
- Saláty, locika
- Sašimi
- Sádlo
- Sezamový olej
- Skotská whisky
- Skořice
- Slíva
- Soda na pečení
- Sodovka
- Sorbát draselnatý
- Stearan hořečnatý
- Suchý kurdský sýr (tvaroh tvrdý)
- Súl
- Sulfáty (sušené sířené ovoce)
- Sýr Asiago
- Sýr Brie
- Sýr Camembert
- Sýr cihlový
- Sýr Colby
- Sýr čedar
- Sýr Ementál dlouhozrající
- Sýr gorgonzola
- Sýr gouda
- Sýr Gruyere
- Sýr havarti
- Sýr Limburger
- Sýr Manchego
- Sýr monterey jack
- Sýr muenster
- Sýr parmezán
- Sýr port du salut
- Sýr Provolone
- Sýr romano, římský
- Sýr roquefort
- Sýr stilton
- Sýr švýcarský
- Šarifa
- Škvarky
- Špenát
- Šunka (pouze prosciuto crudo)
- Švestky
- Třapatka
- Třešně
- Tvaroh SCD Lučina
- Tykev
- Tymián
- Vanilka
- Vejce
- Vepřové
- Víno
- Vlašský ořech
- Vodka
- Zázvor
- Zelené fazolky (fazolové lusky)
- Zeleninový stearát
- Zelí
- Zelí čínské
- Želatina (neochucená)
NEvhodné
- Agáve sirup
- Akácie
- Aloe vera
- Amarantová mouka
- Ananasový džus
- Arašídové máslo
- Arašídový olej
- Arašídy
- Artičoky (jerusalémské)
- EMPower (doplněk pro sportovce)
- Aspartam
- Banán zelený (Plantains)
- Batáty
- Bob obecný
- Brambory
- Brambory sladké
- Brandy
- Bujóny
- Bulgur
- Celozrnný chléb
- Cereálie
- Cizrna
- Cottage (tvarohový sýr)
- Cukr bílý
- Cukr palmový
- Cyklamát
- Čaj z kůry
- Čaj z kůry (Pau d’Arco)
- Čekanka
- Čiroková mouka
- Čokoláda
- Datlový cukr
- Dekafeinové produkty
- Dextróza (komerční produkty)
- Doplňky železa
- Droždí
- Durumová mouka (druh obilniny)
- Dýně z konzervy
- Džus koncentrát
- Džus Noni
- Džus V8
- Fazole Adzuki černé
- Fazole Canellini
- Fazole Mungo
- Fazole pinto
- Fazole s černým okem
- Fazolové výhonky
- Frukoologosacharidy
- Fruktóza (granule)
- Glukózové bonbóny
- Glutamát sodný
- Goji
- Granulovaná glukóza
- Grepový džus
- Guarová guma
- Gumy
- Hnědý cukr
- Hořká tykev (Goya)
- Hot dogy
- Hrachová mouka
- Hydrolizovaná bílkovina
- Chia semínka
- Chléb ezekiel
- Chlorella
- Inositol
- Inulin
- Isoglukóza
- Jablkový džus
- Jaggeree
- Jáhly
- Javorový sirup
- Ječmen
- Jilm
- Jitrocel, banánovník
- Jogurt komerční
- Kakaový prášek
- Kaki
- Karagén
- Karob
- Kaštanová mouka
- Káva zelená
- Káva rozpustná
- Kečup
- Kedluben
- Kefír
- Koncentrát granátového jablka
- Konnyaku
- Konopná semena
- Konopný proteinový prášek
- Konopné mléko
- Kopřiva, hluchavka
- Kořen Yucca
- Kořen lopuchy
- Kozinec
- Kudzu
- Kukuřice
- Kukuřičný škrob
- Kukuřičný sirup
- Kuskus
- Kustovnice čínská
- Kysaná smetana
- Lékořice
- Lepivé polysacharidy
- Lepivé rostliny
- Lignin
- Likéry
- Lněné semínko
- Limonády
- Maka
- Maltitol
- Maltodextrin
- Manitol
- Maranta Třtinová
- Margarín
- Marshmallow
- Másla ze semínek
- Maso průmyslově upravené
- Maso v konzervě
- Mastichová guma
- Mák
- Medovina
- Melasa
- Melatonin
- Merlík čilský
- Mexický tuřín
- Miso
- Mléko
- Mléko bez laktózy (hydrolyzované)
- Mléko sojové
- Molo cure
- Moringa olejodárná
- Mořské řasy
- Mouka z cizrny
- Mouka obilná
- Mouka ze semínek
- Mražený pomerančový džus (koncentrát)
- Nopal
- Nudle
- Obilí
- Obilné klíčky
- Ocet Balsamico
- Odpařený třtinový džus
- Okra
- Okurky v nálevu
- Olej palmový
- Omáčka tabasco
- Otruby
- Oves
- Papadam
- Pastinák setý
- Pečící prášek
- Pektin
- Pískavice řecké seno
- Pivo
- Podmáslí
- Pohanka
- Polysorbát 80
- Portské víno
- Postum
- Prášek kyogreen
- Protein z kozího mléka
- Proteinové prášky
- Přírodní příchutě
- Psylliové lusky
- Pšenice
- Pšeničné klíčky
- Quinoa
- Quorn
- Rajčatové pyré (a podobné)
- Rutabaga/tuřín
- Rýže
- Rýžová mouka
- Rýžové otruby
- Řasy
- Sacharin
- Sake
- Ságo
- Semínka Chia
- Sezamová semínka
- Sherry
- Sirupy
- Sladké brambory
- Slanina
- Slzovka obecná
- Smetana
- Sodium glycinate
- Sója (sojové maso :-)
- Sójová omáčka
- Sójové boby
- Sójový lecitin
- Sójový olej
- Sorbitol
- Spirulina
- Splenda
- Stévie
- Sukralóza
- Sušené mléko
- Syrovátka
- Sýr Balkánský
- Sýr Brynza
- Sýr Eidam
- Sýr Feta
- Sýr Jadel
- Sýr korbáčik
- Sýr kozí
- Sýr Mascarpone
- Sýr Mozzarella
- Sýr Neufchatel
- Sýr Primost
- Sýr Ricotta
- Sýr tavený
- Sýr tofutti
- Šáchor jedlý
- Špalda
- Tagatóza
- Tamari
- Tamarind indický
- Tapioka
- Tapioková mouka
- Taro
- Tatarská omáčka
- Tekutý chlorofyl
- Tenké nudle (čínské)
- Těstoviny
- Tofu
- Tomel
- Topinambur
- Tritikale
- Tuřín
- Tvaroh měkký
- Upravené sýry (průmyslově)
- Uzené maso
- Včelí pyl
- Vinný kámen
- Vodní kaštan
- Vodnice
- Vojtěška
- Xantanová guma
- Xylitol
- Yucca kořen
- Zelenina v konzervě
- Zemní mandle
- Zmrzlina
- Zrní
- Žito
- Žvýkačky
Převzato z: www.uzdravtesejidlem.cz/co-ano-co-ne/
Selenium (Se)
- Interacts with the active site of GPx
- Essential to combat ROS
- To regenerate adipocytes by reacylation [11]
Selenium (Se)
- Interacts with the active site of GPx
- Essential to combat ROS
- To regenerate adipocytes by reacylation [11]
Shedding and stretching - Doplňování buněk epitelu
- Epithelial extrusion is triggered by stretching of the epithelial cell
- Detected by activation of the stretch-sensitive cation channel Piezo [5]
- Triggers a signal transduction pathway involving
- Sphingosine 1 kinase
- S1P receptor
- Rho kinase
- Result is redistribution of proteins from the tight junction
- Surround the shedding cell
- To fill the gap left after extrusion is completed thereby maintaining the barrier [5]
- TNF alpha usually increase the rate of cell shedding [5]
- Redistribution of the tight junction does not always seal the gap left by shedding cells
- More than one epithelial cell is shed from one site
- Leaving a gap that is too large to be plugged by the redistribution of tight junction proteins [5]
- Direction of flow through gaps that are not sealed
- Into or out of the intestinal wall - highly labile - determine:
- Local pressure
- Hydrostatic gradients generated by hydrostatic pressure and peristalsis
- Positive hydrostatic pressure in the subepithelium
- Electrochemical
- Osmotic gradients
- Osmolarity of the luminal contents
Shedding and stretching - Doplňování buněk epitelu
- Epithelial extrusion is triggered by stretching of the epithelial cell
- Detected by activation of the stretch-sensitive cation channel Piezo [5]
- Triggers a signal transduction pathway involving
- Sphingosine 1 kinase
- S1P receptor
- Rho kinase
- Result is redistribution of proteins from the tight junction
- Surround the shedding cell
- To fill the gap left after extrusion is completed thereby maintaining the barrier [5]
- TNF alpha usually increase the rate of cell shedding [5]
- Redistribution of the tight junction does not always seal the gap left by shedding cells
- More than one epithelial cell is shed from one site
- Leaving a gap that is too large to be plugged by the redistribution of tight junction proteins [5]
- Direction of flow through gaps that are not sealed
- Into or out of the intestinal wall - highly labile - determine:
- Local pressure
- Hydrostatic gradients generated by hydrostatic pressure and peristalsis
- Positive hydrostatic pressure in the subepithelium
- Electrochemical
- Osmotic gradients
- Osmolarity of the luminal contents
Slippery elm (Ulmus fulva)
- Supplement made from the powdered bark of the slippery elm tree
- Used by Native Americans to treat cough, diarrhea, and other GI complaints
- Has been studied for use as a supplement for IBD [20]
- Confirmed the antioxidant effects when used in patients with IBD [20]
- Not enough information to warrant the widespread use of slippery elm in the treatment of IBD [20]
Slippery elm (Ulmus fulva)
- Supplement made from the powdered bark of the slippery elm tree
- Used by Native Americans to treat cough, diarrhea, and other GI complaints
- Has been studied for use as a supplement for IBD [20]
- Confirmed the antioxidant effects when used in patients with IBD [20]
- Not enough information to warrant the widespread use of slippery elm in the treatment of IBD [20]
Soy milk fermented
- By L. plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum, and L. rhamnosus
- Isoflavone aglycones synthesized [11]
- Prevent IFN?-induced decrease in TEER in the Caco-2/TC7 cell line [11]
- Cannot be seen with nonfermented soy milk [11]
Soy milk fermented
- By L. plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum, and L. rhamnosus
- Isoflavone aglycones synthesized [11]
- Prevent IFN?-induced decrease in TEER in the Caco-2/TC7 cell line [11]
- Cannot be seen with nonfermented soy milk [11]
Star anise extracts(Illicium anisatum)
- Decrease paracellular flux
- Increase TEER [11]
Star anise extracts(Illicium anisatum)
- Decrease paracellular flux
- Increase TEER [11]
Statiny
- Inhibitors of hydroxymethylglutaryl COA reductases
- Simvastatin and rosuvastetin
- Important antioxidant effect
- Inhibition of MPO activity
- Decrease of lipid peroxidation
- Increase of SOD and GR activity in rats
- Anti-inflammatory and endothelial cell protective actions
- Simvastatin
- Also improve histologic parameters in TNBS-induced colitis in rats [11]
Statiny
- Inhibitors of hydroxymethylglutaryl COA reductases
- Simvastatin and rosuvastetin
- Important antioxidant effect
- Inhibition of MPO activity
- Decrease of lipid peroxidation
- Increase of SOD and GR activity in rats
- Anti-inflammatory and endothelial cell protective actions
- Simvastatin
- Also improve histologic parameters in TNBS-induced colitis in rats [11]
Streptococcus thermophilus
- Protected the intestinal barrier in experimental colitis [10]
- Preserve phosphorylation of occludin in EIEC-infected cells
- Employ Rho family GTPases to protect against EIEC-induced TJ disruption [11]
Streptococcus thermophilus
- Protected the intestinal barrier in experimental colitis [10]
- Preserve phosphorylation of occludin in EIEC-infected cells
- Employ Rho family GTPases to protect against EIEC-induced TJ disruption [11]
Sulfa moiety of sulfasalazine
- May have activity in addition to the active 5-ASA component
Sulfa moiety of sulfasalazine
- May have activity in addition to the active 5-ASA component
Sulfhydryl
- May have an effect in ulcerative colitis
Sulfhydryl
- May have an effect in ulcerative colitis
T. purpurea roots
- Reduced levels in inflammed colon tissues:
- Myeloperoxidase (MPO)
- Malondialdehyde (MDA) [21]
- Playing an anti-inflammatory role in the treatment of colitis [21]
- Due the presence of glycosides [21]
T. purpurea roots
- Reduced levels in inflammed colon tissues:
- Myeloperoxidase (MPO)
- Malondialdehyde (MDA) [21]
- Playing an anti-inflammatory role in the treatment of colitis [21]
- Due the presence of glycosides [21]
Tannins of plants
- Can help decrease the inflammation of UC patients
- Patients with UC don’t have the protective benefit of normal mucin production
- Leave them vulnerable to oxidized molecules
- Increase the inflammation and mucosal injury seen in UC
- Tannins appear to exert a protective effect against oxidative stress-induced cell death.
- Condensed tannins can also help return the GI flora to a state of balance [3]
- Green tea polyphenols
- Have shown similar benefits in mice by attenuating colonic injury induced by experimental colitis
- Tannins were also detected in:
- The aqueous extract of Malva parviflora L.
- Cydonia oblonga Miller (Quince) extracts
- Effective in reducing the inflammation and ulcer indices in murine model of acute colitis
- Tannins could protect intestinal mucosal layers
- By precipitating their microproteins
- Protecting the layers against chemical injuries
- Protecting against proteolytic enzymes [21]
- Nebo precipitací bakteriálních receptorů a enzymů a snížením jejich invazivity (??)
- Condensed tannins can also help return the gastrointestinal flora to a state of balance [19]
Poznámka vlastní a neodborná
Taniny jsou látky svíravé chuti (srážejí bílkoviny - i ty ve slinách a na jazyku = svíravá chuť )
v lidovém léčitelství se používají ke "stažení" a snížení prosaku a krvácení
takže v případě krvácení z vředů v konečníku a tlustém střevě a rizika vzniku anemie a dalších komplikací je logické pomýšlet na klyzma s obsahem těchto látek
jen to standardní medicína nedoporučuje (ale také nezakazuje)
často působí protizánětlivě i desinfekčně, takže to dává smysl
i čeští pacienti si podobné postupy radí na svých internetových fórech, kde se dělí o své zkušenosti s podobnými postupy
Tannins of plants
- Can help decrease the inflammation of UC patients
- Patients with UC don’t have the protective benefit of normal mucin production
- Leave them vulnerable to oxidized molecules
- Increase the inflammation and mucosal injury seen in UC
- Tannins appear to exert a protective effect against oxidative stress-induced cell death.
- Condensed tannins can also help return the GI flora to a state of balance [3]
- Green tea polyphenols
- Have shown similar benefits in mice by attenuating colonic injury induced by experimental colitis
- Tannins were also detected in:
- The aqueous extract of Malva parviflora L.
- Cydonia oblonga Miller (Quince) extracts
- Effective in reducing the inflammation and ulcer indices in murine model of acute colitis
- Tannins could protect intestinal mucosal layers
- By precipitating their microproteins
- Protecting the layers against chemical injuries
- Protecting against proteolytic enzymes [21]
- Nebo precipitací bakteriálních receptorů a enzymů a snížením jejich invazivity (??)
- Condensed tannins can also help return the gastrointestinal flora to a state of balance [19]
Poznámka vlastní a neodborná
Taniny jsou látky svíravé chuti (srážejí bílkoviny - i ty ve slinách a na jazyku = svíravá chuť )
v lidovém léčitelství se používají ke "stažení" a snížení prosaku a krvácení
takže v případě krvácení z vředů v konečníku a tlustém střevě a rizika vzniku anemie a dalších komplikací je logické pomýšlet na klyzma s obsahem těchto látek
jen to standardní medicína nedoporučuje (ale také nezakazuje)
často působí protizánětlivě i desinfekčně, takže to dává smysl
i čeští pacienti si podobné postupy radí na svých internetových fórech, kde se dělí o své zkušenosti s podobnými postupy
TGF-beta
- Major role in regulation of the regeneration program [23]
TGF-beta
- Major role in regulation of the regeneration program [23]
TLR2 ligand PCSK
- Oral treatment of colitis with the
- Significantly suppressed mucosal inflammation in vivo [11]
TLR2 ligand PCSK
- Oral treatment of colitis with the
- Significantly suppressed mucosal inflammation in vivo [11]
Tormentil
Tormentil extracts
- Antioxidative properties
- Complementary therapy for chronic IBD
- In individual patients with UC positive effects have been observed
- 16 patients with active UC (clinical activity index ? 5)
- Tormentil extracts in escalating doses of 1200, 1800, 2400, and 3000 mg/day for 3 weeks each
- Each treatment phase was followed by a 4-week washout phase
- Side effects, clinical activity index, C-reactive protein, and tannin levels in patient sera
- Mild upper abdominal discomfort was experienced by 6 patients (38%), but did not require discontinuation of the medication
- During therapy with 2400 mg of tormentil extracts per day
- Median clinical activity index
- C-reactive protein improved
- From 8 (6 to 10.75) and 8 (3 to 17.75) mg/L at baseline to 4.5 (1.75 to 6) and 3 (3 to 6) mg/L [20]
- Clinical activity index decreased in all patients, increased during the washout phase [20]
- Neither undegraded nor metabolized tannins could be detected by liquid-mass spectrometry in sera [20]
- Tormentil extracts appeared safe up to 3000 mg/day [20]
Tormentil extracts
- Antioxidative properties
- Complementary therapy for chronic IBD
- In individual patients with UC positive effects have been observed
- 16 patients with active UC (clinical activity index ? 5)
- Tormentil extracts in escalating doses of 1200, 1800, 2400, and 3000 mg/day for 3 weeks each
- Each treatment phase was followed by a 4-week washout phase
- Side effects, clinical activity index, C-reactive protein, and tannin levels in patient sera
- Mild upper abdominal discomfort was experienced by 6 patients (38%), but did not require discontinuation of the medication
- During therapy with 2400 mg of tormentil extracts per day
- Median clinical activity index
- C-reactive protein improved
- From 8 (6 to 10.75) and 8 (3 to 17.75) mg/L at baseline to 4.5 (1.75 to 6) and 3 (3 to 6) mg/L [20]
- Clinical activity index decreased in all patients, increased during the washout phase [20]
- Neither undegraded nor metabolized tannins could be detected by liquid-mass spectrometry in sera [20]
- Tormentil extracts appeared safe up to 3000 mg/day [20]
Tormentil
Trinitribenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS-UC)
- In indomethacin- and ischemia-reperfusion-induced intestinal inflammation (IND-II and I/R-II) [20]
- Intestinal anti-inflammatory potential [20]
Trinitribenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS-UC)
- In indomethacin- and ischemia-reperfusion-induced intestinal inflammation (IND-II and I/R-II) [20]
- Intestinal anti-inflammatory potential [20]
Vitamín A
- Supplem. vit. A
- Příznivý efekt na SP [7]
Vitamín A
- Supplem. vit. A
- Příznivý efekt na SP [7]
Vitamín C
- 1,000–2,000 mg [14]
- In patients with IBD
- Decreased levels of vitamin C in mucosal tissues
- Essential roles in protecting intestinal mucosal cells from oxidative damage
- Vitamins C and E may also help to promote normal IP function
- Treatment with vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)
- Reduce the incidence of bacterial translocation from the intestinal lumen
- Decrease mucosal lipid peroxidation in chronic portal hypertension in animals
Vitamín C
- 1,000–2,000 mg [14]
- In patients with IBD
- Decreased levels of vitamin C in mucosal tissues
- Essential roles in protecting intestinal mucosal cells from oxidative damage
- Vitamins C and E may also help to promote normal IP function
- Treatment with vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)
- Reduce the incidence of bacterial translocation from the intestinal lumen
- Decrease mucosal lipid peroxidation in chronic portal hypertension in animals
Vitamin D
- Involved in maintaining intestinal barrier function
- Polymorphisms of its receptor have been associated with the development of IBD
- Expression of vitamin D receptor on intestinal epithelium inhibits inflammation-induced apoptosis
- Rec. deletion leads to defective autophagy
- Promotes experimental colitis [16]
Vitamin D
- Involved in maintaining intestinal barrier function
- Polymorphisms of its receptor have been associated with the development of IBD
- Expression of vitamin D receptor on intestinal epithelium inhibits inflammation-induced apoptosis
- Rec. deletion leads to defective autophagy
- Promotes experimental colitis [16]
Vitamín E
- D-alpha tocopheryl succinate 200–400 mg [14]
- P.o. 300 mg vitamin E
- Decreased inflammation in the colonic mucosa of ulcerative colitis
- Essential roles in protecting intestinal mucosal cells from oxidative damage
- Vitamins C and E may also help to promote normal IP function
- Treatment with vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)
- Reduce the incidence of bacterial translocation from the intestinal lumen
- Decrease mucosal lipid peroxidation in chronic portal hypertension in animals
Gamma-tocopherol
- DSS-treated mice
- Alleviated inflammation and mucosal damage during mild colitis
- Ineffective at high DSS concentrations
- ?-Tocopherol alone
- Ameliorate mild colitis induced by 1.5% DSS [8]
- Not effective in the prevention of mild colitis [8]
- Biologically active tocopherols and tocotrienols and their derivatives [11]
- Antioxidant activity
- Associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease and colon cancer [11]
- Lipid-soluble vitamin
- Tocopherols protect lipid membranes
- Quenching/scavenging singlet oxygen
- Potentially also other ROS, such as HO•
- vitamin C contribute to vitamin E regeneration
- Combination of high doses of vitamin E with oxidized sunflower oil is used !!!!
- Vitamin presents pro-oxidant action !!!
- It is fundamental to understand that each antioxidant has its own unique biochemical profile [11]
Vitamín E
- D-alpha tocopheryl succinate 200–400 mg [14]
- P.o. 300 mg vitamin E
- Decreased inflammation in the colonic mucosa of ulcerative colitis
- Essential roles in protecting intestinal mucosal cells from oxidative damage
- Vitamins C and E may also help to promote normal IP function
- Treatment with vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)
- Reduce the incidence of bacterial translocation from the intestinal lumen
- Decrease mucosal lipid peroxidation in chronic portal hypertension in animals
Gamma-tocopherol
- DSS-treated mice
- Alleviated inflammation and mucosal damage during mild colitis
- Ineffective at high DSS concentrations
- ?-Tocopherol alone
- Ameliorate mild colitis induced by 1.5% DSS [8]
- Not effective in the prevention of mild colitis [8]
- Biologically active tocopherols and tocotrienols and their derivatives [11]
- Antioxidant activity
- Associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease and colon cancer [11]
- Lipid-soluble vitamin
- Tocopherols protect lipid membranes
- Quenching/scavenging singlet oxygen
- Potentially also other ROS, such as HO•
- vitamin C contribute to vitamin E regeneration
- Combination of high doses of vitamin E with oxidized sunflower oil is used !!!!
- Vitamin presents pro-oxidant action !!!
- It is fundamental to understand that each antioxidant has its own unique biochemical profile [11]
Vitaminove kombinace
Vitamin E, vitamin C and lipoic acid
- Protect the arachidonic acid level in the brains of diabetic and non-diabetic rats
Derivatives of vitamin E more water soluble
- Preferred as dietary supplements in UC
- Tocopheryl acetate
- ?-tocopheryl phosphate [11]
Vitamin E with vitamin C and GSH
- Absence of colonic antioxidant effect
- Meta-analyses have shown that antioxidant supplements do not result in the presumed health benefit
- Paradoxically a high intake of antioxidants is associated with increased mortality
- Observations suggest a pro-oxidant effect of antioxidants
- Deleterious effect is associated to Nrf2 mutations [11]
Vitamins C and E
- Randomized controlled trial on CD
- Reduction of LP in plasma in patients
- Supplementation for 4 weeks, versus placebo group [11]
Vitamin C, vitamin E, ß-carotene, zinc, selenium and glutamine
- For 4 weeks
- 2008, Roggenbuck et al. six patients with CD
- Supplementation was not sufficient to improve oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers
- Increased antioxidant status of plasma and inflamed mucosa
- Concluded that supplementation was inconclusive and stimulated placebo-controlled trials [11]
Vitamins C, E, omega-3-PUFAs - eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid a L-arginine
- Reduced disease activity index (DAI), oxidative stress, inflammation, and junction disassembly
- In colons of mice with DSS-induced experimental colitis
- Application of this mixture of micronutrients (corabion) as diet supplement may be helpful
Mixture: glutathione, vitamin C, and vitamin E
- HLA-B27 transgenic rat IBD model
- no beneficial effect
- Colitis progression was not paralleled by increased oxidative stress in this model
Mixture: methionine, threonine, and glutamate
- DSS-treated rats receiving
- Improved mucosal healing without changes of the inflammatory status [7]
Vitaminove kombinace
Vitamin E, vitamin C and lipoic acid
- Protect the arachidonic acid level in the brains of diabetic and non-diabetic rats
Derivatives of vitamin E more water soluble
- Preferred as dietary supplements in UC
- Tocopheryl acetate
- ?-tocopheryl phosphate [11]
Vitamin E with vitamin C and GSH
- Absence of colonic antioxidant effect
- Meta-analyses have shown that antioxidant supplements do not result in the presumed health benefit
- Paradoxically a high intake of antioxidants is associated with increased mortality
- Observations suggest a pro-oxidant effect of antioxidants
- Deleterious effect is associated to Nrf2 mutations [11]
Vitamins C and E
- Randomized controlled trial on CD
- Reduction of LP in plasma in patients
- Supplementation for 4 weeks, versus placebo group [11]
Vitamin C, vitamin E, ß-carotene, zinc, selenium and glutamine
- For 4 weeks
- 2008, Roggenbuck et al. six patients with CD
- Supplementation was not sufficient to improve oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers
- Increased antioxidant status of plasma and inflamed mucosa
- Concluded that supplementation was inconclusive and stimulated placebo-controlled trials [11]
Vitamins C, E, omega-3-PUFAs - eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid a L-arginine
- Reduced disease activity index (DAI), oxidative stress, inflammation, and junction disassembly
- In colons of mice with DSS-induced experimental colitis
- Application of this mixture of micronutrients (corabion) as diet supplement may be helpful
Mixture: glutathione, vitamin C, and vitamin E
- HLA-B27 transgenic rat IBD model
- no beneficial effect
- Colitis progression was not paralleled by increased oxidative stress in this model
Mixture: methionine, threonine, and glutamate
- DSS-treated rats receiving
- Improved mucosal healing without changes of the inflammatory status [7]
Wei tong ning [20]
Wei tong ning [20]
Wheat grass juice
- Triticum aestivum
- Double-blind study
- Wheat grass juice for 1 month
- 20 mL per day initially, increased by 20 mL/day to a maximum of 100 mL per day [20]
- Clinical improvement in 78% of people with UC
- Compared with 30% of those receiving a placebo [20]
- No serious side effects noticed
- Appears to be effective and safe as a single or adjuvant treatment of active distal UC [20]
Wheat grass juice
- Triticum aestivum
- Double-blind study
- Wheat grass juice for 1 month
- 20 mL per day initially, increased by 20 mL/day to a maximum of 100 mL per day [20]
- Clinical improvement in 78% of people with UC
- Compared with 30% of those receiving a placebo [20]
- No serious side effects noticed
- Appears to be effective and safe as a single or adjuvant treatment of active distal UC [20]
Withania somnifera
- Member of family Solanaceae
- Has good response in anti-inflammatory activity
- Roots of W. somnifera can potentially be utilized for the effective treatment of various inflammatory conditions
- Pawar et al studied dose of the rectal gel applied at 1000 mg of WSRE (Withania somnifera root extract) per kg rat weight
- Showed significant mucorestorative efficacy in the IBD-induced rats [20]
Withania somnifera
- Member of family Solanaceae
- Has good response in anti-inflammatory activity
- Roots of W. somnifera can potentially be utilized for the effective treatment of various inflammatory conditions
- Pawar et al studied dose of the rectal gel applied at 1000 mg of WSRE (Withania somnifera root extract) per kg rat weight
- Showed significant mucorestorative efficacy in the IBD-induced rats [20]
WNT
WNT
Zinek
- Zinc picolinate 45–90 mg [14]
- Consider copper supplementation at 0.75–1.5 mg in light of zinc intake [14]
- Snížení SP [7]
- Caco-2 cells grown in zinc-deficient media have
- Reduced TEER
- Altered expression of ZO-1 and occludin
- Localized away from the cell boundaries
- Less homogenous
- Disorganization of F-actin filaments [11]
- Appears to play a critical role in the maintenance of normal IP [14] [16]
- Control of inflammation
- Zinc deficiency
- Cause disruption in mucosal barrier function
- Increased secretion of inflammatory mediators in human intestinal epithelial cells [14]
- Cytoprotective activity in the gastrointestinal tract
- Helps to stabilize intestinal mast cells [14]
- Essential for cell turnover and repair systems [16]
- Inflammatory conditions and malnutrition are known risk factors for zinc deficiency
- Efficacy of Zn supplementation during acute diarrhoea and experimental colitis [16]
- P.o. zinc therapy can restore intestinal permeability in CD patients [16]
- Probably through its ability to modulate TJs both in the small and the large bowels [16]
- Essential elements for the restructuring of antioxidant enzymes
- GPx
- SOD [11]
- Zinc
- SOD cofactor
- Indirectly involved with oxidant defense
- With vitamin E
- Improved redox balance was observed in plasma and/or colonic tissue [11]
- With anti-TNF-?
- Improved redox balance was observed in plasma and/or colonic tissue [11]
Zinek
- Zinc picolinate 45–90 mg [14]
- Consider copper supplementation at 0.75–1.5 mg in light of zinc intake [14]
- Snížení SP [7]
- Caco-2 cells grown in zinc-deficient media have
- Reduced TEER
- Altered expression of ZO-1 and occludin
- Localized away from the cell boundaries
- Less homogenous
- Disorganization of F-actin filaments [11]
- Appears to play a critical role in the maintenance of normal IP [14] [16]
- Control of inflammation
- Zinc deficiency
- Cause disruption in mucosal barrier function
- Increased secretion of inflammatory mediators in human intestinal epithelial cells [14]
- Cytoprotective activity in the gastrointestinal tract
- Helps to stabilize intestinal mast cells [14]
- Essential for cell turnover and repair systems [16]
- Inflammatory conditions and malnutrition are known risk factors for zinc deficiency
- Efficacy of Zn supplementation during acute diarrhoea and experimental colitis [16]
- P.o. zinc therapy can restore intestinal permeability in CD patients [16]
- Probably through its ability to modulate TJs both in the small and the large bowels [16]
- Essential elements for the restructuring of antioxidant enzymes
- GPx
- SOD [11]
- Zinc
- SOD cofactor
- Indirectly involved with oxidant defense
- With vitamin E
- Improved redox balance was observed in plasma and/or colonic tissue [11]
- With anti-TNF-?
- Improved redox balance was observed in plasma and/or colonic tissue [11]
Zingiber officinale
Zingiber officinale
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
